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Subject: INVESTIGATIVE ASPECTS OF FORENSIC HYPNOSIS
Title: INVESTIGATIVE ASPECTS OF FORENSIC HYPNOSIS
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INVESTIGATIVE ASPECTS OF
FORENSIC HYPNOSIS*
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Neil S. Hibler, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist
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United States Air Force Off ice of Special Investigations
Washington, DC 20332
*Investigative Aspects of Forensic Hypnosis. in A.H. Smith &W.C. Wester II
~Eds), Comprehensive Clinical Hypnosis. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, in press.
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INVESTIGATIVE ASPECTS OF FORENSIC HYPNOSIS
Neil S. Hibler, Ph.D.
It appears that each time a new and innovative technique fs introduced to
do a job more easily or quickly, it becomes somewhat of a fad. So it seems with hypnosis in law enforcement. The infectious appeal this technique has achieved seems reminiscent of many other promising "panaceas" in the investigative field. Unfortunately, all too often the anticipation with which new techniques are popular~zed exceeds their actual realization - and as' a result, the technique raises question as to its own reliability and validity.


As described earlier in this chapter, hypnosis is fraught with potential forensic difficulties arising from its very nature. In hypnosis, suggestion can easily taint the perceptions of an interviewee, and the filling in of memories, or confabulations, can easily occur where an interviewee's need for closure or an eagerness to please inquirers overcomes actual memory. Worse yet, because of the compelling genuiness with which hypontic statements are offered those naive to these serious limitations would be confident· that information derived from trance was accurate (Margolin, 1981). Other discussion has focused on interviewees' confusion over what'. is recalled and that which is imagined; suggesting that persons who have been hypnotically interviewed may not be suitable witnesses at all (Diamond, 1980). Despite these issues, employment of hypnosis as an enhancement to memory has certainly been well intended.
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., I l Approved For Release 2000/08/07 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001100300002-6 While hypnosis has been used as an investigative aid for at least a quar.~er century (Arons, 1967; Block, 1976), the proliferation has occurred largely ,., to a reawakening of the technique in law enforcement by Dr. Martin Reiser of the Los Angeles Police Department (Reiser, 1980). In establish.ing hypnosis as an available t~chnique for law-enforcement personnel, Reiser trained a select g~oup of police lieutenants. These officers, in turn, were dispatched to use hypnosis in the course of investigationso Due to the hundreds of officers around the country who have since been trained, and who strongly advocate hypnosis as an investigative tool, the· concept has become well known in the police community.


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initid contact with the neighbor of the suspect (~o was thought to have murdered her husband). The investigator needed to ascertain the time at which the suspect arrived home after shopping as she had reportedly arrived to find that her husband had been shot to death. Questions had to be raised, however, because of well-known tensions between the suspect and her husband, and due~· to· various inconsist~ncies in her prior statements"; Unfortunately, the neighbor said she was unable t_o help - after she was told by an investigator that she needed to be absolutely certain as to the. time she witnessed the suspect drive into her garage. In fact, he added: "would you be willing to testify to this in court?" Case reviewers of the ':i,nvestigation suggested that the potential witness be re-interviewed by an agent not familiar with the case. This second investigator apologized to the witness for her having to repe.at her recollections, and simply asked her if she could indicate what time the suspect arrived home. Much to his surprise, the neighbor now provided a precis·e time, adding that she noticed the suspect arrived home while she had gotten up from her chair during a te lev is ion comnerc ial. The precise time was further co~firmed by the witness's husband, who was quite able to recall his wife get~ing him something from the kitchen during a break in one of their favorite TV programs.


In anothet· example, a telephone call was received from a field office requesting a hynotic interview of a service station attendant who was the victim of an armed. robbery. The purpose of the hypnotic interview was to ascertain whether a tattoo on the gunman's right forearm was a rear~ng stallion or a unicorn. Other details developed in the case included an excellent description of the gunman, a 11get away" driver, and the vehicle
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used in the crime. When the Special Agent requesting the interview was "
told that he would need to use formal channels for the request, and that he
would need to respond to a number of administrative requirements, he
exclaimed: "Hell, it will take a month to do that-we'll have it solved by
then!" It only took three weeks.

Requests for consultation by the forensic science staff may also be indicated. These forensic specialists have graduate degr~es in forensic pathology, physical science, and laboratory techniques; they consider the special processing of physical evidence which might preclude the need for the use of hypnosis. Whenever possible, consideration of forensic hypnosis is withheld until laboratory procedures are completed and the importance of that data is known. It is because of the many issues which make application of hypnosis in an investigation a complex task that only major felony offenses are considered suitable for the expenditure of the time and effort that this technique requires. Hypnosis is typically employed· only as a last resort in the hope that other investigative procedures will be successful and then alleviate the need for hypnotic intervention. Even then, some serious crimes that have been considered with the utmost care and have been afforded extensive investigative effort may still not be suitable. In the Air Force's experience, about one third of the cases in which hypnosis ia requested are solved without hypnosis. About one third more of these requests. are considered ill-suited for the procedure at all; the majority of instances do not need, nor benefit from th; technique.


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were superimposed i0: her hypnotic memory, only the automobile used in her abduction was pursued hypnotically.
A similar issue deals with ·the potential interviewees' sense of pressure either to increase the credibility of their earlier statements, or to please authorities. Therefore, information about the case which has been shared with the victim or witness becomes quite important, as it could possibly be confused with their own memories of the incident. Further, if some logical conclusion has been inadvertently suggested, there may well be tainting of the interviewees' recollection, particularly if there has been pressure to produce results~
Another consideration in case review is to estimate the likelihood that recall may· be enhanced by hypnosis. The in tent here is to consider the extent to which an individual may actually have additional memories for enhancement. Failure to specifically consider aspects of the incident that are critical to the case, and their liklihood for enhanced recall, only tends to increase the interviewees' pressure to perform. To assure that goals are clearly evident, hypnosis is not used as a "fishing expedition". Rather, in each case, there is a careful examination of the ·details· of a potential interviewee's non-hyponotic statement that might developed. Then· an assessment is made of the relative investigative value of information which. might be expected from a hypnotic interview. To accomplish this, it is sometimes necessary to reenact the event.


fact, when a polygraph examination is considered necessary, it must be

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successfully passed.prior to further consideration of hypnosis.
Who ought to be hypnotized? Certainly victims of and witnesses to crimes are the likely candi~ates for memor~ enhancement. Yet the use of forensic hypnosis with suspects presents a ~articularly strong debate. This is because of the potential for hypnosis to confuse a· suspect;~'s memory, and therefore possibly alter his capacity to stand in his own defense. For this reason, the Federal investigative collJilunity, with the exception of the Air Force, does not allow the hypnotic interview of suspects. The Air Force, however, has adopted the position that if the defense is intent upon using hypnosis, they may ·well do so on their own. Therefore, as the government has the capacity to provide trained doc tors, investigators, and recording equipment, it is only fair that this investigative procedure be available to the prosecution as the defense as well. Interview requests by a defense· c'ounsel receive the same ·careful, critical case review and evaluative considerations as would any other case. Yet the type of situation in which a suspect interview would be appropriate would seem limited. For instance, one possible suspect interview scenario could include a situation where the accused professes innocence of an act, but has had difficulty in accounting for his whereabouts at the time of the crime~ Here hypnosis might be helpful in developing a defense by producing


Cases which meet all of the forensic, investigative, and hypn~.tic prerequisites are presented for approval consideration to a senior official ... within the headquarters of the investigative agency. This requirement sets forth yet another level of 'review, which is importantly separate from the intensity of the case at the level at ..-nich it is being investigated, and the possible pressnres which might otherwise force a less well-considered
judgement. If the request fo~ hypn~tic interview is approved, the case is
then referred to a hypnosis coordinator who arranges for the actual session.
Hypnosis coordinators are well experienced Special Agents who have been trained to assist hypnotherapists by conducting numerous forensic and administrative details before, during, and after the interview. The annual training these investigators receive maintains their proficiency, updates their knowledge, and 'critically reviews their work.
Preparing for the Interview.
The hypnosis coordinator contacts the case investigator and the hypnotherapist, and initiates planning for an interview location and date. Preferable locations would include space 'in a hospital or doctor's office. ·The room to be used needs to be pr.iva te, to assure there will be no interruptions and further, this space needs to be well illuminated as well quiet, so there will. not be any interference with the recording of the session. Also, the· space needs to be large enough so" that television equipment and participants may be positioned, to include the use of a reclining chair for the interviewee. Figure 29-1 depicts the layout of an interview setting.


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Insert Figure 29-1 here
On the actual date of the interview, the session needs to be carefully scheduled so that all parties are free of other obligations which might distract them from the task at hand. The session ought to begin early enough in the day so that intei;ference by the need for meals or the end-of-d~y does not interfere; sessions typically take two to three hours, or longer. Further, the hypnotic coordinator has copies of appropriate consent forms on hand·, a clipboard (for automatic writing), and incidental items, such as a box of kleenex. He makes sure that the television equipment is functioning, that there is a sufficient supply of recording tape and, if a female is to be inteLViewed, that a chaperone is present. Additionally, if facial composites are expected either . a police artist should be made available or a Smith and Wesson Identi-kit needs to be obtained. 'nle television equipment that is utilized should incorporate separate microphones for the hypnotherapist, interviewee, and hypnotic coordinator. As may be seen in Figure 29-2, the hypnotherapist, interviewee and hypnotic coordinator sit together so that they may be on camera. Preferably, voice recordings are controlled by use of a sound mixer, rather than by using dynamic, or self-regulating microphones,. which tend to record distracting


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coord inator (but is not on camera). The case investigator's role is to notify the hypnotic coordinator of information that is developed during the course of the inte~iew that is of particular importance, either because it is new information or contrary to that which was previously stated. This is done by having the case investigator write down coI11r1ents such as; "Develop more detail about the automobile". _Then he passes this note to
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Figure 29-3 Audiovisual recording apparatus.
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the hypnodc coord~nator. Upon receipt of such a note, the hypnotic coordinator initials the note and writes the time at which it was transmitted. As appropriate to the course of the session, the hypnotic coordinator will ask non-leading questions which address the concern raised by the case agent. This precaution is taken to assure that suggestive or leading questions do not occur, while at the same time being su.re that details . of investigative importance are pursued. ·By design, the hypnotherapist and hypnosis coordinator know very little about the case •. This is to preclude any apriori conclusions that might otherwise be reached, as well as to further minimize the potential for cueing, which would suggest information known to investigators. Prior to the interview, the coordinator also provides the hypnotherapist with a detailed overview of the procedures to be followed, 'emphasizes precautions regarding leading questions, and clear'ly establishes that the in1:endew_ iEL considered a forensic medicine procedure which is under the practitioner's charge. This is an important safeguard for the well-being of the interviewee, as the hypnothe:i::-apist may terminate the interview at any time if it is necessary in the best interests of the interviewee.


ashow he;r something". The auto was driven to deserted area where ~he
driver produced a gun and demanded that she undress. She hesitated, an~ a pistol was put to her head with the threats that he would have his way whether she was dead or alive. S~e then followed his instructions, which subjected her to sexual intercourse. She was allowed to dress, and
*Names of persons and places in th is investigation have- been changed to protect identities, and this transcript has been edited and condensed from the original four-hour session.
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eventually was driven to her. residence where she reported ·that.: he threatened to kill her if she went to the police. She went directly to her ,,.room, bathed, and then reported the assault to authorities.
'The investigation included a thorough, medical rape protocol examination. Further, locations where she was picked up and dropped off were canvassed in the hope of ·identifying wi.tnesses. Also interviews were conducted of personnel at the nightclub where she had met the suspect ·on an earlier occasion. Miss L. attempted to generate a facial composite of her suspect, but was unable to. In the following two months, she encountered one brief, chance contact· with her alleged assailant, at which time he a~ain threatened her life. Following that, she relocated to another geographic area, out of concern for her safety.


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generated a request· that the victim be reinterviewed to clarify numerous details of her earlier statements. Upon reinterview she repeated what she stated previously, with the exception that in this subsequent contact, she was emphatic that the suspect held the gun to her head during intercourse. Due to a variety of subtle concerns regarding her motivation to assist investigators, it was then recommended that the victim be polygraphed regarding the major elements of her statements. She consented to polygraph and, after some initial uneasiness she was cooperative, advising that she· had altered several aspects of her statements so that she would appear to be more clearly the victim of a violent act, and in so doing protect her own pride and dignity. Coordination for the request to use hypnosis then commenced.
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The Victim willingly volunteered for a hypnotic interview, and added that she had never received treatment from a mental-health professional. Next, the prosecutor for the case was contacted for coordination. Approval for the use of forensic hypnosis was granted by the headquarters of the federal investigative agency, with the understanding that details of the suspec~' s vehicle would be of particularly important. Also important would be details· of the meetings in which the victim and the subject talked prior to the rape, and on the chance encounter some days after the rape (in a hope to identify other. witnesses). / The following is a sunmarized transcript of Miss L's forensic hypnosis interview.


Mental Health Professional: Miss L., may I call you by your first name?
Interviewee: (She nods Yes) •. My name is Elizabeth, but I like to be called "Betty". <,,'·
Mental Health pr'ofessional: Okay, Betty, I'd like to explain some things to you about hypnosis, and how we would like to use it as an aid in working in this
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investigation. . First, perhaps you could let me know if you've encountered hypnosis before?
Interviewee: No, I've never been hypnotized. I only know what they say on TV and
''lo the movies.
Mental Health professional: Okay, perhaps then I might explain some of what I feel is important to know about hypnosis. I define hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness. Let me say that another way; It's a very natural way of being relaxed. There are a number of qualities that also might be used to explain this "altered state". One I have already alluded to, for in its natural forni it's quite relaxing. About the other qualities, hypnosis is a st'ate in which each of us has the potential to alter our perceptions. Altering perceptions can be useful in medical and dental appl~cations of hypnosis to relieve pain, and sometimes control bleeding. It's also a potent way to control anxiety, .and therefore has many applicat_ions for eootional adjustment, such as in psychotherapy. One psychotherapeutic. applicat~on . is. something that doctors call an age, or time regression, which allows individuals ~o re-experience critical even.ts in their lives. This is the application which is used to aid investigations. What may be' helpful here is for you to re-experience ~hat morning on that day in December, ~nd in so doing• provide myself and Mr. Smith an understanding what happened to you~


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Let me talk, .a little bit more, about trance itself. If you would like to proceed with the int:e·rview today, I wi.11 help you to experience hypnosis, and we'll talk about that, what that feels like. Then, when I feel you're ready, and you feel it's okay, we'll use time regression to go back to the d~ in which the incident occurred. I've mentioned that, in its natural state, hypnosis is most comfortable, and explained ·this is why hypnosis is so help~ul in dealing with anxiety. Unfortunately, there are often misconceptions about: hypnosis; perhaps I might address a few of these.
In hypnosis, you wili be in control of your thoughts and actions, just: as you always are. For example, if a fire· alarm were to sound or, even while you were deep in trance, you would be able to get out of the chair and exit the building just the same as you always would. Further, you won't do anything in hypnosis that you don't want to do. For example, if there is some area that a question asks about tha_t you're uncomfortable with, you need not answer, just please let me know. I'd like to know if you are uncomfortable ·because a question deals with something that's private, or if it's something else that you' re anxious about. For, if it's okay with you, I believe I will. be able to help you deal with something, for example, that you're anxious about. We will not pursue any area that you do not: want us to. Also, I'd' like to add. that most people can be hypn.ot:ized, if they want to be. Incidex;itally, there are different capacities to experience hy.pnosis among people, and trance itself has varying depths or degrees. While you' re experiencing hypnosis, we can talk about how


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. ·, trance feels, and its depth, and so on. Please feel free at any time to ask any question that you may have.
Now let me tell you how we conduct an interview. In using hypnosis in forensic applications, we use a standardized format. One of the details is my talking to you and explaining hypnosis, and answering any questions that you may have, just as we' re doing now. After we' re through with our conversation, Mr. Smith will go over · an informed-consent certificate with you, which he' 11 ask you to read and, if you concur, to sign. After that, we'll be talking about the incident in question - without any hypnosis at all. You see, Mr. Smith and I know almost nothing about your investigation; we would rather hear about it from you. After we've discussed what you recall of the event now, in detail, I' 11 let you experience trance so that you can become familiar with that. Trance induction, or the way in which you enter trance, can be very varied, and I'll use several ways today so -that you can tell me which ones you prefer. I'll also be doing some deepening with you, so that yoo can access different levels of ~ranee. Earlier, I mentioned age, or time regression; this is a form of time distortion, which will enable you to re-experience that incident of weeks ago. As you re-experience that incident, you may well feel the emotions now that you felt then. That's why I'm here; if you were to have any difficulty with that, just let me know, I can help you. We' 11 also be ~sing some inquiry ·techniques. Sometimes we call these television techniques, because they're like the production effe~ts used in televised sports events. For example, if you've watched a professional football game or baseball game, you've seen stop action,


Interview: I'm trying ••• (Crying and shaking as she speaks) But I can't get my pants over my cast. He's pushing, hitting me, telling me ''hurry up." (There is a long pause, silence in which she quietly sobs.) He's looking at me, •• touching me, he takes advantage of me.
Mental Health Professional: I hear you, Betty. I hear you.
Interviewee: He's done. I get dressed, he drives me. back to my apartment. I'm
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getting out of ~he car, he says "Tell anyone and I 1 11 kill you." ·He tells me he knows where I live, and that he'll kill me. I'm stunned, •• out of it. Mental Health Professional: Okay. Interviewee: I go to my room, undress and shower. I put my robe on, and one of the girls, my girlfriend, sees me, she sees something is wrong. I tell her that I have been raped. She hugs me. I call the police. • • • That 1s all. Mental Health Professional: Okay, Betty. How do you feel now? Interviewee: Okay. I'm okay. Mental Health Professional: Alright, then, Betty, I'd like you then to rewind all of that memory, all the way back, all the way back to the very first time you see this individual, •• all th~ way back. (Pause) There. How's that? Interviewee: Okay • I 1m at the c 1ub •


Hypnosis Coordinator: You may need to move the film, in your mind, backwards or forwards a little bit if you need to see the car even a little better.
Interviewee: I see the back now. I don't see the front at all, just the back when he pulled to the curb.
Hypnosis Coordinator: Okay, Betty. ·What about the back? Tell us more about that.
Interviewee: It has a license plate, .it 's red on white.
Hypnosis Coordinator:
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Okay, Betty, go on.
I.n terviewee: I don't see it that well; It's not clear•
.)
Mental Heaith Professional: ·Betty, in just a moment, I'll like to place a cliP.board in your lap. On the clipboard is a piece of blank paper. Are you right-handed or
...
left-handed?
Interviewee: Right-handed.
Mental Health Professional: Okay, I would like to help you with something called automatic writing. I'm going to put a pencil in your right hand, and place your hand on the clipboard• After I do that, your hand will begin to move by itself, like a stylus. The pencil in your hand will move about the paper in a way that has special meaning for you. Later when you look at what you've drawn or written, it may make a great deal of sense to yoo. I'm putting the clipboard in your lap now, Betty. And now I'm placing your left hand on one end of it so that you may hold it still. Now I'm putting a. pencil in your right-hand Betty. Now I'm putting your hand on. the clipboard. Your right hand. and a~rm now begin to 100ve. Let that happen all on its own, that's right. Let me know when you are done.


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colors, shapes, or 'other details of t;hese sample license plates for the. 50 United States, to determine which seemed most like the one she remembered on the suspect auto. She identified the New York license plate as being of
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the right color and form, ·noting that one other state was also quite sim~lar. Finally, the hypnosis coordinator worked with Betty in developing a facial composite by use of a Smith and Wesson Identi-Kit II.
At the conclusion of this discussion, the session was ended by the hypnosis Coordinator giving a verbal statement as to the time the interview was ending.
After the· interview, the doctor spoke for some minutes with Betty, exploring the potential for rape crisis counseling with an appropriate rape crisis center. The hypnosis coordinator received the two video cassettes of the session as evidence, appropriately tagged these items, and secured them in the local investigative agency's evidence room, so that these recordings would be protected. Further, he advised local investigators that if the tape needed to be reviewed, it should be carefully copied on to other cassettes, so that the original recordings did not experience any unnecessary use • Finally, the hypnosis coordinator advised the local .investigative office that upon closing the case, either because of a lack of a successful conclusion or, following a trial proceeding and sentencing action, the tapes would be signed out of evidence, attached to the investigative case file as transcripts of the interview, and retained with the case file in headquarters office records (which is for a minimum of 20 years).


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· Perhaps she suppre1?sed this memory due to its threatening nature. Yet her recall of meeting her assailant in the cafeteria produced details, developed with hypnosis. The most basic question remains: what, among these details, is accurate? To be certain, the answer must await the

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CONCLUSIO~S
How effective is Investigative Hypnosis? And what reaction does forensic
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hypnosis receive in the co~rtroom? Certainly, these questions· test the
asmerit of this investigative tool; here lies its future well.
Various agencies report mixed successes with the technique, owing largely to different criteria for success. Early analysis of hypnotic results within the Los Angeles Police Department reflected approximat\!lY a 7% case resolution due to hypnosis*. Yet, the criteria for selecting cases in, which the technique was employed, and the criterion for success, were largely undefined •. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which employed the Federal Model, has reported that in. a sample of 65 hyPaosis cases, 12 perpetrators were identified, three of whom were convicted**. The Air 'Force's use of th·e Federal Model has resulted in solving, to the case investigator's satisfaction, approximately 12% of the instances where it was employed. These may seem like small odds, but ·considering that the cases involved are essentially "dead" investigations, a trail gone cold, ~hese od.ds are clearly better than no chance at all. ·


vitb: Al' 195-5.. These:- tape•' will. be! desitroyed.; vheni no· longm: needed' at

evidencer.. ·

··

·

·

ai•.' The: fact that an: indi.vidua!l. was• interviewed: under- hypnos·i••,. tbei identity· 0£ the:- mental. health profesaiona:l,. and: a1 s.ynopsis; of the- rea:u1.ts: of
.' th•~ bypno.-.ia: interview> will be~ recorded. in· an Agent'•· Invastigati..on~ Report.. ..
b·.. Audio• and: video' tapes: of hypnosis• interview: will. be listed: i11i the! not .. attached. euibitsi section·. of the~ final ROr~ Any· trana1c:ripta• of th~ audio and; ·. video• tapest ma.y- be~ att'ached: as; e:hibi.ts1 to the. final. R.OI.•.
c:-.. A. pOSit hypnos;ia: report will. be~ prepa:i=ed. and: forwai:ded. to HQUSACIDC:,. ATTN:~ CIPP•PD, within lS days; of the~ completion· of the· hypnosis; interview.• Tbia, report will contain· a1 aummm:y· of the· incident: being: investigated,. theidenti.ty· and: relations;hip; to. the: inves1tigation of the· person~ hypnotized., the~
purpos1e• of: the: use! of hypnos;is;,. the: date· and length. of hypnos.is. aesa.i.on.(s) • the· identity· of the mental bed.th; professional,. and: th4!! cost: to,, the: Government when: a; c-ivilian· ment'ai hea·lth· profes1siona1. is: used:.. Copiesi of· the: reque·a.t: and. authorization· for the: use· of h:ypnos;is• w-ill be attached. to· the~ report•.


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1. (U) Re Project GRILL FLAME, Army General Counsel (AGC) has determined that

all Army activities under the Project, whether conducted by the Army or Under

contract, must comply with references. The requirements outlined by AGC

·- · . •rARMY

review(s) completed. Approved For Release

.
20041f2f?~:

.

.1,"...'·r-"....'

'

-'.'

."[
M,

.,,

·ctA-RDPss:oo1ssR001100440009-4

Approved For Release 2004/12/17 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440009-4
CONFlDENTIA~
have been already satisfied in great part but not entirely. 2. (U) The following must be adhered to by all Army organizations:
a. (C/ORCON) Any organization, including contractors, are required to obtain signed consent statements prior to initiating a GRILL FLAME experiment
=rAw
or test involving human "subjects." The consent statement will be in accorel. -w±t+l para 46.lOJ(c) reference A,and with AR 70-25. OACSI POC now preparing the statement which will be coordinated with AGC within the next few days. Each agency GRILL FLAME project officer will maintain copies of signed statements, to be inspected as required. Persons who have previously acted as Army subjects in Grill Flame tests or experiments, will be identified, contacted, and will be notified of the health risks involved in the testing, as the risks are being described in the consent statement now being prepared. OACSI POC should be notified in all cases where this is not possible.


(\~""...·.o·

~u.:::,0£.Nl\Al:
i \H '

Approved For Release 2004/12/17 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001100440009-4

complete physical examination, including EKG. Individual will be apprised in writing of his state of health and potential health risks involved. This requirement will be incorporated in the aforementioned consent statement.
d. (C/ORCON) A permanent Human Use Testing Committee will review and approve all projects, protocols and other GRILL FLAME related activities to ensure absolute compliance with para 46.102(b) through (d), Ref A; and with pertinent provisions of AR 70-25. This requirement has already been satisfied by the formation earlier this month of the permanent DOD GRILL FLAME Working Group subcommittee on Human Testing (SHUT). Per AGC guidance several key Surgeon General personnel have been briefed on ~RILL FLAME. Surgeon General's Office subsequently designated Colonel Garrison Rapmund, Director of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington DC 20012 (tel: 576-3551/2), as their permanent point of contact for GRILL FLAME. COL Rapmund will sit as an impartial member of both the DOD Working Group and SHUT. 3. (U) Your compliance with para 2b above, in conjunction with receipt of this message, constitutes permission to continue planning, programming, budgeting and contracting activities regarding GRILL FLAME. Upon compliance with para 2a above, agencies may proceed/continue validated tests and experiments. 4. (U) OACSI POC is MAJ Stoner (AV 225-5048). Recommendations as to the date for the next Working Group meeting are solicited. REVW 2 Mar 99 reas 3 SSO NOTE: deliver··during duty hours.


 (E) Higher suggestibility, but, with greater acceptance or
 rejection.
 (F) Holistic problem solving and decision-making.
 (G) Changes in overview, less restrictive, significantly bro
 in scope.
 (11) Major increase in creativity,  ideas, with attendant appal.
 cation.
 (I) Measurable changes in muscular co-ordination.
 (J)  Permanent memory addition, by rote and self-synthesized
 experience.
 The Institute is continuing to operate experimental programs in
 the evaluation of effects produced by other audio patterns yet to be
 investigated.  Formal papers of such effort will be presented to appro-
 priate groups at a future date.
 Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060018-5

Producer: Adobe Acrobat Pro 11.0.16 Paper Capture Plug-in
Subject: M.I.A.S. BULLETIN
Title: M.I.A.S. BULLETIN
---

A COMMUNICATION FROM THE MONROE INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCltNC
f PRllJIOH
THE HEMI-SYNC PROCESS
Perhaps the most aignif icant mind-brain research in recent yaan has been in the hemisphereic apaciali2ation. The consenaua of scvtr~ hundred pa9es and atudie• generally supports the postulate• of domin~ lef i: brain function• (lineal, verbal, analytic) and tho•• of the r..iq:'.. brain (visual, spacial, ayntheds). All conc11de the fact. that our ci:~ cational system and the fundatrtental values of our culture nurtur.t!~ h1!~ ily auch left brain dominance.


Synchronou• or 11imultaneoua brain wave pattern• in both hemi:11plH~ (H&Hl-SYNC) apparently occur• infrequently in typical human conaciouf' and then for a few &econd• at th• most. Usuftlly, activity ehif~s fr~ left to right hemhphere •• tho 4orninant area alm.ost in a fl.i.clterinq ; ~ent accordinq to the mental taak •t the moment.
By definition, hemi•pharic uynchronization or coherence is £ stat of conaciousness indicated by EEG form• in both hernl1pheres which artl simultaneously eQual in amplitude and frequenc:y. Due to th• rare occt ence and short duration of much conaciousn@s•, there has bftmn littld
supportive inatrumenti1l mea•ure-ment until rf!cently. The best early vt wa1 conducted by Elmer and Alyce Gre~n at the Menninger Clinic, where subject with twenty yaara in Zen meditative traininq wa• teated extene ly. Result• •hawed that the •ubject could eutablish at will a he:ni.-31· state, conai1tently and over fifteen minutes in length.
Through the use of audio stimulae to evoko an electrical frequenc. following response in the brain (FFR), as developed by the Inatitutfl, and with the applicati.on of such ai9nals ln a beat-frequency mode (dif orential 1i9nals in each oar), re•earch by the Institute has determine workable rnethod:s and techniquet1 that inouce hemhpheraic 11ynchroni::ati' or coherence in the human brain. This has been verified and replicate~ con1istently both at the Inatltute and other facilities.


The efforts of the Institute have not been designed or performed with the intent of offering documentation to tho scientific community of the world at large, although much of orthodox scicntif ic method has beer utilized. Instezid, !.iUch can well be tho goal of other organizations anc' individuals who may take the basic f indinys of the Institute to prove and present them in other forms, in other areas of· specialization. Th.:.~ Institute welcorncu this participation.
For further information, write or phone: P. o. Box 94C, ~"'nher, VA 22938p
(804) 361-1252.

Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060018-5

Approved For Release 2003/09/09 : CIA-RDP96-00788R001200060018-5
. , M.l.A.S. E~ULLETIN
A COMMUNICATION FROM 1HE MONROE INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SC!ENC!
.t22480G
ORIGINSt The Institute had its beginning in the Research And Developm~ D1v1s1on of Monroe Industries, Inc., which at the time (1959) was irwes tigating methods and techniques of accelerated lenrning through practic environmental changes. As a result of c<~r Lain findings, the dcci::.>ion was made to broaden the base of such investigations and to alter th~ pu pose of any such research effartA In 1971, the Institute was created t conform with and expand this dif fcrent approach. PREMISE& Stated simply, the Institute holds to the concept that (l); C< sCf'Ousness and the focusing thereof conL1in any and all solutions to th( life p~oceases that man desires or encounters. (2): Greater understanc ing and appreciation of such consciousness can be achieved only through inter-disciplinary approachc• and co-ordinalion1 (3): The results of related research effort are maaningful only if reduced to practical ap~1 ication, to "Something of Value" within the context of the contemporar culture or era..


SUMMJ\RY: Early s tunies of consciousness aml the decay thereof into a lee Er-ought a major tool into use by the Instituta. It·was discovered lhawhased sine waves at cJisccrnable sound frcc1uen-:le,
when blenaea to create Eeat" f rf>iq1Jci1CICS'"\;.}t"TITrlruc ran9es of elec:trT<!.1" 5 nn n wav u found a t the va i.TOi:t~--~.-t~feTOr Tiu man s form , w111 crerre-::1- _,_
~g_rncy Following_ Response{lTT{J_~_:thin~,!!<~ trnG patEer~ ortnc- Hul_i,_:;:_~
llal i.sten1.ng to sucnauaio waveforms. ""TTle T'FKTilt:tu:n evoRes phySH»~oi]lcal and meritaTStal~c·.s in au::eC1::-1-~_lal:1_:J.~!i1111"i ~ ~lie__ orlgTfiaT--~--n1~-~:~:-· \vi th the availability of this new too 1, .for the first time it bccamc~ p·:iss.Lblc to develop and hold the subject j nt0 any of the various sta 1Je"l of sleep, from light ;ilpha relaxation through theta into delta and in HEM (dreaming). A 9encri.c patent on tlw method and l~chniql\e wa~ grilnted lo the originator, Hobert Monroe, for whom the Institute is naned.
Tl1c Monroe method and techniques w~rL~ found to be able to "pro<Jram .. sleep c:t'clcs throu9hou t the night of s lcep, if f;o tlcs irc<l. Var ia tionn c:ou ld Lring adjustment of the Juration of ea.ch stage of sleep during the cycle, according to the needs and desires of. Uw ind.iv illua 1. ·rhe wakinsi-f rom·~ slenp moment was er~hance<l greatly over the traditionil alarm clock which hi1d no cognizance of the stage of aleep it w,u1 invading. By prograrr.1n.ing tile F.f'R up into REM sleep for the few mi r\U tes before wake-up time, then inserting a beta signal, the sloepor was rou~ed gnntly yet firmly, with-


C. DA Procurement Info ltr 78-19, dtd 30 Aug 78.
1. (U) Re Project GRILL FLAME, Army General Counsel (AGC) has determined that all Army activities under the Project, whether conducted by the Army or Under
contract, must comply with references. The requirements outlined by AGC

.ARMY review(s) completed.

_~·f"\

.
f<.

. .....~.·,,.-r'.
H''.'l"' . .

l\··r~
.

Approved For Release 2004/07109 ·: C1A-ROP9G-00788R001200240004-0

Approved For Release 2004/07/09: CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240004-0
CONFIDENTIA~
have been already satisfied in great part but not entirely. 2. (U) The following must be adhered to by all Army organizations:
a. (C/ORCON) Any organization, including contractors, are required to obtain signed consent statements prior to initiating a GRILL FLAME experiment
:r:Aw
or test involving human "subjects." The consent statement will be in aseere -with para 46.103(c) reference A,and with AR 70-25. OACSI POC now preparing the statement which will be coordinated with AGC within the next few days. Each agency GRILL FLAME project officer will maintain copies of signed statements, to be inspected as required. Persons who have previously acted as Army subjects in Grill Flame tests or experiments, will be identified, contacted, and will be notified of the health risks involved in the testing, as the risks are being described in the consent statement now being prepared. OACSI POC should be notified in all cases where this is not possible.


Approved For Release 2004/07/09: CIA-RDP96-00788R001200240004-0
complete physical examination, including EKG. Individual will be apprised in writing of his state of health and potential health risks involved. This requirement will be incorporated in the aforementioned consent statement.
d. (C/ORCON) A permanent Human Use Testing Committee will review and approve all projects, protocols and other GRILL FLAME related activities to ensure absolute compliance with para 46.102(b) through (d), Ref A; and with pertinent provisions of AR 70-25. This requirement has already been satisfied by the formation earlier this month of the permanent DOD GRILL FLAME Working Group subcommittee on Human Testing (SHUT). Per AGC guidance several key Surgeon General personnel have been briefed on G.RILL FLAME. Surgeon General's Office subsequently designated Colonel Garrison Rapmund, Director of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington DC 20012 (tel: 576-3551/2), as their permanent point of contact for GRILL FLAME. COL Rapmund will sit as an impartial member of both the DOD Working Group and SHUT. 3. (U) Your compliance with para 2b above, in conjunction with receipt of this message, constitutes permission to continue planning, programming, budgeting and contracting activities regarding GRILL FLAME. Upon compliance with para 2a above, agencies may proceed/continue validated tests and experiments. 4. (U) OACSI POC is MAJ Stoner (AV 225-5048). Recommendations as to the date for the next Working Group meeting are solicited. REVW 2 Mar 99 reas 3 SSO NOTE: deliver during duty hours.


rcli\'j ,y operational conditions such as distance, shielding, timing, other factors.

µ{i' 1 ,v'

6.2~J. (S/Nf) Review and analyze all operational related projects

().

i
;;

}~( .L,J-tO 1AS f.

identify

possible

operational

limits

or

qualifiers. .

1~ 6.2.4. (S/NF) Conduct screening of . large candidate groups to
o/.y-·- identify people with high quality remote viewing and related (i.e., search)

ability.

6.2.5. (S/NF) Initiate development of new application capability (i.e., search}.

6.3. (U) Support:

6.3.l. (U) Project management

6.3.2. (U) Support for Science Oversight Committee (SOC)

6.3.3. (U) Support for Human Use Review Board
\

SECRET NOT RELEASABLE TO FOREIGN NATIONALS

Approved For Release 2001/03/07 -?'c1A-RDP96-00788R001500170003-6

'Approved For Release 2001/03/07: CIA-RDP96-00788R001500170003-6

,,_,.,
..

SECRET

6.3.4. (U) Computer support and maintenance 6.3.5. (U) Document preparation, ~iri!*t~ 6.3.6. (U) Travel

7.0. (U) Quick Reaction Capability (QRC): The contractor will maintain a quick response capability and be prepared to respond in less than 24 hours to problems or unexpected demands for brief technical papers that may develop during the term of this effort. 8.0. (U) ALLOCATION OF EFFORT: The level of effort to be applied to each basic task should be approximately as follows:


o INVESTIGATE SIGNIFICANCE OF FOREIGN TECHNICAL AND MILITARY PSYCHOENERGETIC EFFORTS, ASSESS POTENTIAL THREAT POSED BY THESE DEVELOPMENTS AND IDENTIFY COUNTERMEASURES.

(S-ORCON) PROPOSED GRILL FLAME WORKING GROUP RESPONSIBILITIES (U) THE WORKING GROUP WILL:
l. RESPOND TO LEGITIMATE REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION ON PSYCHOENERGETICS.
2. ACT AS A CLEARINGHOUSE FOR EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGIES AMONG DOD PARTICIPANTS.
3. ESTABLISH A COMMITTEE ON HUMAN INVOLVEMENT*(COHI) TO MONITOR PROTOCOLS ANO ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE PROGRAM.
* Change proposed by AMSAA from Human Experimentation Committee (HEC) Classified by: MSG, HQDA(DAMI-ISH) WASH, DC, dtd 5 Jut 78 Review on: 5 Ju1 98
----------~~~~~~

19 81979 - - -"ALM

.tpp~ed.·
SA'A -0

For

Release

'~i{

t§t~-RDP96-00788R002000130024-1
~.~·

Approved For Release 2001/03/07: CIA-RDP96-00788R002000130024-1
(S-ORCON) PROPOSED GOALS FOR THE GRILL FLAME PROGRAM (Ul • Scientifically investigate accepted potential military aspects of psychoenergetic phenomena. This would include remote viewing, communications and psychokinetic modes. These efforts would involve only willing and knowing participants and would exclude the use of drugs, hypnosis or other artificial forms to alter mental states. 1 Develop suitable sctentific experiments and evaluation methodologies for conducting and assessing the results of these investigations. e Investigate significance of foreign technical and military psychoenergetic efforts, assess potential threat posed by these developments and identify countermeasures. (S-ORCON} The Working Group will: o Respond to approved.requests for information on psychoenergetics. ~ Act as a clearinghouse for exchange of information and tech-


and showed no statistical effect. Appendix A contains the c;>riginal paper

describing this
I
I
2,-. Total

experiment.
' J_,
',. ~-; J ; ij
RNG Data-,Base

:
l
'. :1

&o'J.
--

As

of

.i
1978,

a;

J
total

of

54

experiments

of

this

type

had

been

li~Jraturereportkd in the

(seeiTable 1). Of these, 35 reported signifi-

cant d~parture fro~\chancl expectation, and none reported similar effects

during' control runs j We can ·suffimarize the data base generated in these

experiments as follows:

• The _[~neration r~te e,xtended from a few per second to
300 per second.

•

The

sequence

i
len~ths

varied

from

103

to

105

bits.

• Beta decay and thermal noise were used as sour~es of randomness.

• The effects (deviation from 50% chance expectation)
were on the order of 1% to 53.

• Control runs did not yield results which differ significantl·y from chance expectation.

As an overall evaluation of the data base, it is unlikely that the apparent RP effect is simply an artifact of selected reporting by the laboratories involved; even if one were to assume that there were 10 unreported nonsignificant experiments for each reported significant one, the entire expanded data base would still show significant effects with odds against chance of better than 2000:1.


number, rather than having to average over large numbers of individuals as

in the data base experiments~ 1Also, _by using more sensitive an~lysis techniques than have been used:vreviously, even a small effect can be

stabi.lized.

'.j • . :.i •.

Secondly to assure ourselves that the noise sources are suffic-
i
iently free of even subtle (but·normal) electronic nonrandomness, we intend

to use the rigorous construction and design techniques possible (battery

power, optically coupled signals, etc.) to isolate the sources from normal

environmental influences. Furthermore, the noise sources will be chosen for their internal simplicity30 and thus may be amenable to realistic

mathematical modelling. Using the models, we are able to calculate by

.Monte Carlo techniques a noise source's dependence on various external

and ipternal physical parameters.

c. Scientific Merits
If it is possible to have a stable remote perturbation source and detection system, no matter how small the effect, we would be able to investigate the nature of this interaction in a most straightforward manner. For example, distance effects could be accurately determined simply by doing experiments as a function of participant/device separation distance whic}:l in principa_l •could range as far as interplanetary distances if necessary. Shielding and other effects could be investigated by placing the detection system in various environments. Most importantly, we could investigate the relation (if any) between remo~«: viewing and remote perturbation. Some relation might be expected· since in ordinary physical interactions information about the state of a system can be obtained only


is to determine the extent to which a person is able to mentally perturb or

affect sensitive electronic equipment. In this case a random number gener-

ator will control a variety of different video displays generated by a small

computer. Your interaction with the computer is to be by mental means

alone. You will be asked to try to make changes in the video display; or,

in biofeedback terminology, to use passive volition to produce the desired

change. We are naming this interaction between a person and a remote system •

remote perturbation, 'or RP for short. We are endeavoring to both foster and ;

·1understand these abilities.

.

In the course of these experiments, no drugs, hypnosis, psychopharmacological agents of any kind or.subliminal stimulation will be used.
, •I,
2. Explanation of the Procedures. You will be asked to sit:in a co~ fortably appointed environment on Redstone Arsenal(see Figure 6). ·A video display will be present which you may attend to if you wish. In the course of a half-hour session, a number of electronically controlled runs will be carried out;~in which you will be asked to try to cause a change on the video monitor, by an act of will. You will receive immediate feedback, if you wish, to assist you in gaining conscious control over the remote perturbation abilities we are examining. You will be asked to participate in no more than one half-hour session in the morning, an~ one half-hour session in the afternoon. At any time you may decline to take part in either session, without prejudice to your continued participation in the program.~


the random times at which electrons are registered at the Geiger

counter decide the generated numbers. Practically, the generator is

easy to build, and the randomness of the generated numbers has

been found to be very good. Furthermore, the simplicity of the gen-

erator allows a complete theoretical discussion (6) of its random-

ness pr.operties..;...and in ·apdition, one· can say fairly well at which (J point the ra~clom element in the number generation comes in. The

generator is essentially deterministic except for the random decay

times of the nuclei.

The use of simple quantum jumps to provide randomness is, for

-.29- :;-;en RELEASA TILE TO FOREIGN

Approved

For

Releas"O~'H&~klE-r1,,02

:

NATIONALS (NOFORN).
CIA-RDP96-00788R002000230006-0

L-~
I.
i
l
~
1 I

Approved For Release 2001/04/02: CIA-RDP96-00788R0020002300~6-0
SE€RHT

CPYRGHT ..

A PK Test with Electronic Equipment

177

the theorist, a rather natural choice, since these processes are assumed by physicists to be nature's most elementary source of randomness, and some psi tests utilizing quantum processes have already been reported (1, 2). Certainly, the outcome of a die throw is also largely determined by microscopic quantum processes. The thermal vibrations of the surface and the air fluctuations at an atomic level co-determine the generated die face. The process in this case is much more complicated, however, since many more factors con-


tribute to the end result.

APPARATUS
Tne test equipment consisted of a binary random number generator and a display panel.
Random Number Generator The RNG, which was similar to the one described in connection
with earlier precognition experiments (4, S, 6), can produce sequences of binary random numbers of any specified length. Electrons emitted by the strontium-90 decay trigger a Geiger counter and the momentary position of a binary high frequency counter at the time of the electron registration determines whether a "+l" or a "-1''
is generated. The numbers of electrical pulses produced on the +1 output
and the -1 output are recorded by two electromechanical reset counters, and the complete sequence of generated numbers is recorded
on paper punch tape.
Randomness Tests Because of the simplicity of the circuitry, the degree of random-
ness to be expected of the RNG can be discussed in detail (6) and it can be shown to be much greater than required by the experiment.
The electronic circuitry is designed so that variations in the characteristics of the components cannot impair the randomness. In order to gu~rd.against any gross malfunctions, the proper electronic operation was tested frequently. Furthermore, the randomness of the generated number sequence was tested experimentally. For this purpose, a sequence of four million numbers, generated on many


iH
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200070001-0

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200070001-0
UNCLASSIFIED
TABLE OF CONTENTS (U)
ABSTRACT .................................................................. iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................... vii
I INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II METHOD OF APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. Basic Structure of an RV Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B. Key Concepts of RV Perceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C. Data Acquisition on Demand Through Noise Reduction ................ 4 D. The Impressionistic Nature of RV Data .............................. 6 E. Remote Viewing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 A. Anatomy of a Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 B. Applications to RV Training ...................................... 13 IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... 23 APPENDIX A--A PROPOSED METHOD FOR REMOTE VIEWING TRAINING ....... 25 APPENDIX B--FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF REMOTE VIEWING .............. 57


APPENDIX A A-1 Grant's Tomb ...................................................... 32 A-2 The Superdome .................................................... 33 A-3 Criminal Suspect .................................................... 34 A-4 RV Response ...................................................... 35 A-5 Percent Time Spent By Novice on Three Steps of Remote Viewing .......... 37 A-6 Percent Time Spent By Advanced Viewer on the Three Steps of Remote Viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 A-7 Spontaneous Remote Viewing State With Normal Mental Noise ............. 39 A-8 RV Data Access on Demand Through Noise Reduction .................... 41 A-9 Common Remote Viewing Symbols (Bits) and Their Usual Interpretation ..... 43
vii
- UNCLASSIFIEDApproved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200070001-0

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200070001-0
UNCLASSIFIED
APPENDIX B B- 1 The Remote Viewing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 B- 2 States That Affect Remote Viewing Results .............................. 63 B- 3 Novice Training--lmprovement As A Function of Practice ................. 65 B- 4 Novice Training--Improvement As A function of Rate of Practice .......... 66 B- 5 Novice Training.,..-Performance Related to Time Between Successive Sessions .. 67 B- 6 Novice Training--Improvement Through Instructional Reinforcement ........ 69 B- 7 Rate of Improvement As Related to Frequency of Introducing New Concepts . 70 B- 8 Improvement As Related to Target Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 B- 9 Improvement As A Function of Experience For Types of Target Detail . . . . . . 73 B-10 Performance As A Function of Viewer Confidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74


29
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200070001-0

Approved For Release 2000/TI~ et-xss~-i~fm2200070001-0

BACKGROUND
Foremost in any discussion of remote viewing are the results typically achieved. Responses of near-photographic quality and with much nonvisual detail of remote targets are produced about 10 to 30% of the time by the more experienced (expert) remote viewers. The objective of this training methodology is to enhance an individual's innate capability to produce high-quality renderings and information. Figures A-1 through A-4 show examples of RV results that led to the current method. These examples show the evolution in quality from novice to advanced through expert levels. Although there are many analytical tools that can assist an analyst in "scoring" the match between the target and a viewer's rendering, the reader may determine the relative quality of the remote viewings by visual inspection.
The term "target" can include almost anything imaginable, e.g.: objects, events, people, places, or functions, etc. Targets are identified by an agreement between the remote viewer and the monitor at the time of the viewing. Targets are strictly defined by their property of uniqueness. Uniqueness is any characteristic that separates the target from all other potential targets. Examples of unique characteristics range from designating as a target a single photograph in a sealed envelope to complex schemes of numbering and coding. Uniqueness embodies both the concepts of temporal and spatial uniqueness. Therefore, both the time of the target viewing and the identification of the target in the mind of the monitor are necessary to satisfy the uniqueness property.


•

Approved For Release 200'iJNt ~~,~1fl~lj02200070001-0

r~~
(structure)

PRIMARY BITS

~{~
END OF SESSION (END ACCESS)
FIGURE A-4 RV RESPONSE
35
UNCLASSIFIED
Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200070001-0

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UNCLASSIFIED
REMOTE VIEWING PROCEDURE
There are three steps in the RV process: (1) accessing the information concerning the target (2) objectifying our feelings, perceptions, and physical information in written and verbal form, and (3) qualifying the renderings, taking care to separate and label data related to the target from that which is extraneous to the task.
Novices need to focus particular attention to the 3 steps as shown in Figure A-5. Initially, all the work is spent on accessing (Step 1--Access). Several exercises are given to introduce the concept of thinking about the target in very short duration packets of time (Step 2--0bjectify). First impressions are all that is desired. gradually, the novice is exposed to techniques designed to convey their feelings to others (written and verbal communication. Only then can work be started on interpreting these feelings (Step 3--Qualify). Figure A-6 illustrates a similar apportionment of steps for advanced level remote viewers. Expert level remote viewers spend nearly 100% of their time on Step 3--qualify.


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NUMBER OF RV SESSIONS FIGURE A-5 PERCENT TIME SPENT BY NOVICE ON THREE STEPS OF REMOTE VIEWING
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FIGURE A-6 PERCENT TIME SPENT BY ADVANCED VIEWER ON THE THREE STEPS OF REMOTE VIEWING

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DATA ACCESS
We believe that the condition under which RV data acquisition occurs is shown in Figure A-7. The mental "noise" of everyday life usually prevents one from focusing attention in a fashion necessary to remote view. Occasionally, we might spontaneously lapse into a quiet state conducive to remote viewing. During such a state, when the individual has in some manner wanted to know certain things, pertinent information may become accessible.


It is the purpose of this RV methodology to create optimum viewing conditions so as to yield access to target information on demand and then enhance the viewer's ability to correctly identify and report that information. The techniques outlined in this report are based on observing their effectiveness in achieving consistent, reliable functioning in various remote viewing experiments. The fundamental hypotheses underlying these techniques are described in detail in a separate report.

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LEVEL OF
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SIGNAL INTENSITY

4 DATA
0 5 10
TIME
FIGURE A-7 SPONTANEOUS PSYCHIC STATE WITH NORMAL MENTAL NOISE
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ACCESS METHODOLOGY
Brief Perceptions
By far the most basic and important concept in remote viewing is that correct information is perceived in brief impressions.
Contact with the target typically follows a progression from simple singular impressions to more complex concepts and relationships. Often the perception changes rapidly resulting in several small increments of information becoming perceptible, then fading away within a few seconds. These increments of information (or bits) contain the basic and essential elements of the target. Of paramount importance is the first impression the viewer experiences. This impression is not vivid, but nebulous and weak. It can manifest itself in many ways: a simple shape or form, a single color, feeling or sound. All of these first perceptions have in common an equivalent level of detail, the fundamental unit on which more complex concepts and relationships are based. This first feeling is very brief in duration (by personal experience less than half a second) but can be retained for at least several seconds. Initial perceptions that seem fleeting and impressionistic nearly always have been observed to be related to the target. However, subsequent impressions for the novice are often derived from experience, memory or imagination, and not directly interpretable in terms of the target. Figure A-6 demonstrates conceptually the process of data access on demand through the RV methodology.


At an early juncture in learning of the RV process, the second and third impressions may be vivid manifestations of the viewers imagination or experience and overwhelm the weaker impressions indicative of the target. These stronger impressions (interpretative overlays) are one of the major deterrents to more accurate remote viewing. We will consider the problem of interpretive overlay (IO) in detail later in this report.

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RV DATA ACCESS

LEVEL OF / BACKGROUND

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SIGNAL INTENSITY

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FIGURE A-8 RV DATA ACCESS ON DEMAND THROUGH NOISE REDUCTION
Breaks In The Viewing Process
The fundamental process of RV embodies a method that reduces overlay and isolates the impressions related to the target. Two techniques are used to accomplish this goal. Immediately on perceiving the first impression, the viewer records it on paper with the aid of symbols, words, and drawings. After recording the impression, the viewer takes a break from the task by mentally and physically stopping all activity associated with the RV. While the process of objectifying the first impressions serves to curtail additional thoughts concerning the target, the break effectively terminates the first step in the process. The break can be brief (a few seconds) or extended (several minutes). The second, third and later impressions are suppressed if not eliminated a good portion of the time. In those instances where they occur, the same procedure is followed as with the first impressions. The viewer records all the impressions he perceives, then takes a break. Breaks taken after experiencing a vivid feeling are several minutes in duration, so that any IO is eliminated as completely as possible from the viewer's consciousness.


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Parity Bits
When the viewer perceives the same bit as was perceived previously, then the viewer has objectified what is referred to as a parity bit. The bit is correct, but the viewer's interpretation of that bit will be inaccurate. This misinterpretation occurs when the viewer has glossed over the perception too quickly. Tracing back over the bit may provide additional information. If the bit continues to be repeated after retargeting, the viewer is required to take a break of several minutes duration and then return to the task. If the same bit returns, the ses.sion should be terminated, and the viewer retarget after several minutes to as much as a day later.
Multiple Bits
Contact with the target follows a progression from the simple to the complex, the singular perception to the complex perception. Often the perception changes quickly and a multiple bit results. A multiple bit is the combining of two or more single bits objectified in one continuous drawing or writing. As the viewer objectifies a multiple it, care must be taken to note the existence of more than one bit. For each bit, a description can be given and more detail provided. Retracing a multiple bit will help show the relationship between the bits. Multiple bits are in close juxtaposition and generally contiguous. Multiple bits show relationships between otherwise seemingly isolated bits.


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they are only parts of it and should not be considered to be in any way representative of the level of detail that can be obtained.
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QUALIFICATION OF DATA
Interpretative Overlay
Interpretative overlay (IO) is information that, when perceived by the remote viewer, overshadows or changes real data (or RV signal) related to the target. IO is mostly observed to be very vivid and clear. It can be experiential in nature and look like something with which you are familiar. When IO is perceived, it should be described and objectified on your session paper and labeled as IO. IO is dealt with through extensive training in recognizing and dealing with it. Its appearance in a novice-level session (80 to 100% of the time) is commonplace but not found to be objectionable. At this point, it is rationalized and shown as to how it relates to the target. At the advanced-level it is seen less frequently (perhaps 50% of the time). At this level of development IOs should be correctly labeled as such. It appears less than 20% of the time in expert-level sessions and is used to extract additional information about the target.


Retracing
When access to the target through objectification of bits is clouded, it oftentimes helps to trace over the bit with the writing instrument. This process of retracing the objectified bit permits focusing attention, somewhat unconsciously, on the experience that resulted in the bit. This refocusing can assist the viewer in describing the corporeal and aesthetic qualities of the bit. The continual use of retracing can clarify thoughts about ideograms.

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Annex DETAILED STEPS IN THE REMOTE VIEWING PROCESS
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PREPARATION FOR REMOTE VIEWING TRAINING
Demonstrating the Access Method
There are several effective methods of demonstrating how information is perceived in time spans of less than one second. One simple demonstration of this principle is, starting with the eyes closed, blink them open, allowing only a fraction of a second view of a target. The target could be a group of small objects (e.g., pins, paper clips, erasers, pencils, staples and buttons) or a photograph of a scene (e.g. a photograph from the National Geographic Magazine). Any target with a range of variously sized and shaped objects (man made or natural) is acceptable. The procedure outlined below has been successful in demonstrating the amount and type of information available in a brief period of time. A note of caution: although this method is useful in instructing the novice in the idea of working with brief bits of information, the experience of visualization and recall is not like that of RV. Consequently, this exercise should be used once or twice then dropped from subsequent use.


UNCLASSIFIED
PREFACE
This is the first full published report on the concepts of remote viewing (RV) by CI. An involvement with SRI International almost thirteen years ago provided an initial exposure to research in parapsychology. That exposure to repeatable and verifiable psychic functioning has radically changed some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science. CI wishes to acknowledge the many individuals whose suggestions, criticisms, and support have at one time or another sustained and directed the development of insights to further understand and teach RV.
Fifty years of laboratory parapsychology experiments have demonstrated that many people can perceive information inaccessible to the "conventional five senses." In so-called "free response" experiments some participants have been able to convey this information verbally as well as through written words and symbols. In work at SRI, a few individuals have so developed this process that they can provide detailed descriptions of hidden or concealed events, places, people, objects, feelings, and color with considerable consistency. In the opinion of Consultants International, this ability can be taught and learned. The process of teaching RV is embodied in (1) creating an environment conducive to the functioning, and (2) fostering situations whereby novices can learn by observing, by imitating, and by receiving reinforcement It is the purpose of this preliminary report to review some of the key concepts and hypotheses which underly the RV training methodology.


We emphasize strongly that these concepts and hypotheses have been arrived at almost entirely through personal observation, introspection and informal experimentation. Very few of these concepts have been rigorously tested with sufficient data collection to establish them as fact. Nevertheless, the procedure does appear to work when put into practice. We welcome the opportunity to participate in experiments which will serve to further evaluate our hypotheses.

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A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF RV DATA ACCESS
The following diagram, Figure B-1, has been useful in describing the relationships between the target; remote viewer; session monitor (individual who attends to the structure, format, and implementation of the instructions during the remote viewing task; and analyst (one who judges the results of the RV with reference to the target). The diagram depicts three parts of the viewer's mind (the unconscious, subconscious, and conscious) indicating their interaction in terms of the sources of different types of information. The interaction between the monitor and the viewer is through an abstract key that uniquely identifies the task (e.g., the word "target".) This abstract key is indicated by the line labeled 1. The RV "data" related to the tasking are available from the viewer's unconsciousness. We speculate that the unconsciousness has access to all targets in all space and that data is stored in the form of bits of information. These bits are accessed by the remote viewing process and made available for the viewers to perceive. Line 2 represents this information path.


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PHYSICAL STATE
PERSONAL HEALTH

MENTAL STATE
SOCIAL, FAMILY HEALTH

U = UNCONSCIOUS C = CONSCIOUS S = SUBCONSCIOUS
FIGURE 8-2 STATES THAT AFFECT REMOTE VIEWING RESULTS

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PERFORMANCE AND REINFORCEMENT
During the balance of this report we shall make frequent use of the terms performance and reinforcement. As will be clear from the context, performance will be taken to mean either the correspondence of a target and response for a single viewing or improvement (performance as a function of time.) Reinforcement refers to practice, praise (instructional reinforcement), or the type of target chosen for training. As with performance, the precise type of reinforcement will be clear from the context.
The effectiveness of any training method can only be measured by performance. A useful yet simple measure of relative performance for a single viewing is to compare the viewer's renderings with the target. The comparison can be as straightforward as observing that the target is a group of buildings, and the viewer's response is a building. Over time, the responses for this target may include additional details concerning the buildings. This increase in correct detail is a qualitative indication of learning. Analytical methods of quantitatively assessing the correspondence between a target and a transcript have been developed at SRI. Those methods continue to be improved but will not be discussed in this report.


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QUALITY OF VIEWING LOW 0 24 6 8 TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE SESSIONS (DAYS) FIGURE B-5 NOVICE TRAINING--PERFORMANCE RELATED TO TIME BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE SESSIONS
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INSTRUCTIONAL REINFORCEMENT
There appears to be a correlation between the intensity of positive instructional reinforcement and the performance of the novice. There are three types of reinforcement that are effective in increasing the performance of novices. They are teacher/other-directed individual reinforcement; vicarious reinforcement; and self-induced reinforcement. The teacher is in the best position to provide the forum for reinforcement. The rules can be set up so that every novice will receive the gratis they deserve. It is very important to set and maintain an atmosphere in which group interactions are strictly controlled by the teacher. Reinforcement should be given only according to the rules set up by the teacher, not by interaction between novices. Vicarious reinforcement occurs when a novice recognizes and identifies with the reinforcement experience of another. This can be used most effectively by the teacher when using one novice's work as an example for the others. Vicarious reinforcement may play an important part in helping establish a new, previously untrained response, but probably will not be enough without additional reinforcement to maintain that response over a long period. The third type of instructional reinforcement used in RV is self-induced reinforcement. Here the observer succeeds in copying a response from someone else and experiences an internal sense of reward. The most effective teaching reinforcement of the three types depends on the personality of the novice involved and the teaching situation.


HIGH
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FIGURE B-7 NOVICE TRAINING--RATE OF IMPROVEMENT AS RELATED TO FREQUENCY OF INTRODUCTION TO NEW CONCEPTS
· Examples of new concepts are: • Ideograms (bits)
• Multiple Bits
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THE EFFECT OF TARGET MATERIALS

After relatively few trials the novices will become familiar with some of the fundamental techniques and concepts of RV. Performance can be enhanced by practice of the functioning. Figure B-8 illustrates that in general, using high reinforcement value targets (e.g., visiting an actual target site after a viewing) yields greater performance than using lower reinforcement value targets (e.g., photographs). It is also the case that too much practice without strict adherence to the fundamental processes of the functioning, will result in degraded performance. Practice does facilitate an increased level of performance. The practice should focus on relatively easy tasks with some apparent relationship between the tasks. A gradual increase in the difficulty of the tasks appears to yield better performance, rather than trying to tackle difficult tasks at first.


(S/NF) The categories of research interest under consideration form a hierarchy ranging from basic research on fundamental mechanisms to methodologies for applications including:
• Identifying explanatory mechanisms (e.g., electromagnetic effects, neurophysiological mechanisms).
• Specifying phenomenological properties (e.g., the effects of distance and shielding) .
• Determining physical, physiological, and psychological correlates (e.g., geophysical environment, EEG and GSR measures, and personality profiling).
• Developing optimal strategies for use in applications (e.g., statistical averaging).
E. (U) Program Resources
(U) To meet the above objectives, the SRI program is using both in-house and external expertise. For over a decade, a core group of researchers at SRI has been studying a wide variety of subjects in psychoenergetics--augmented by access to specialty centers such as our neurosciences and our microbial genetics laboratories.
(U) Some of the work is being subcontracted to institutions, groups, and consultants who have a demonstrated track record in this research area. Other subcontractors may have had no association with this field but, because of their specific area of expertise, can make valuable contributions to our program goals. Thus, the widest possible interdisciplinary viewpoints are available to the program, and the mixture of resources will ensure that peer group review and scientific interactions are maximized. Subcontractors and consultants currently include personnel from Princeton University, Syracuse University, John F. Kennedy University, the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, MARS Measurements Associates, Psychophysical Research Laboratories, the Parapsychology Sources of Information Center, Mind Science Foundation, and the


(U) The verbal method is predicated on the application of fuzzy set mathematics to the figure of merit (FM) technology.* The method also features a new descriptor list, which was introduced to provide a richer vocabulary for analysis. The list's hierarchical structuring in levels, ranging from very abstract to very concrete, affords considerable flexibility for analytical manipulation of descriptor elements. A pilot application of the verbal analysis was shown to correlate highly with ground truth.
(U) The combination of fuzzy set technology and the new descriptor list also proved effective for the visual/spatial approach. The implementation of these techniques--in conjunction with a third technique known as "cluster analysis" --has resulted in an algorithm for the production of orthogonal target sets. This has resulted in a significantly more effective rank-order analysis procedure.
(U) The visual and verbal analyses were each determined to have certain strengths and weaknesses. The verbal analysis is statistically more powerful and provides a more comprehensive breakdown of the verbal information in an RV response. It is quite labor-intensive to apply, however, and it appears to be relatively insensitive to noisy RV data_. "Noisy," in this context, can be defined as a preponderance of incorrectly identified response elements. The visual analysis system is statistically much less powerful and is less capable of providing systematic objectification of the true RV signal content. It can be rapidly applied, however, and is sensitive to the primary manifestation of true RV signal in noisy data--namely, the visual arrangement of RV response elements, regardless of their verbal labels. Potential applications of these techniques in their current states have been suggested; areas of future research for their refinement have also been identified.


* (U) The FM analysis has continued to undergo refinement since its inception in FY 1984.
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b. (U) An Expert System Approach to Remote Viewing Analysis
(1) (U) Motivations to Explore Expert Systems
(U) The judging of RV transcripts has proven to be a difficult task for the experienced as well as the uninitiated analyst. Judging can be both analyst and viewer dependent, in that the combination of a viewer's response style and an analysts's interpretive style may enhance or hinder the analytic task. The process is, to a large extent, a subjective task that does not lend itself to a literal or procedural quantification. In an effort to render the judging more transferable, if not more uniform, we decided that, if development were feasible, an expert system to assist the analyst would prove invaluable.
(U) The ultimate task would be to develop an expert system that could ask an analyst a series of questions about a given RV transcript, arrive at a composite description of the response, and map the response to a group (possibly with only a single member) of targets within a known target pool. The system would have standard data about a number of common abstract and concrete objects. Furthermore, the system would maintain a data base of the ideograms and idioms commonly used by a particular viewer and their possible/probable correspondences. By prompting the analyst for information about the concrete or unambiguous elements of a response (i.e., are there parallel lines, or are there elements labeled as structures), the system would combine the user-supplied data with data collected in previous experiments with the same viewer, to piece together composite hypotheses about the transcript. In an interactive exchange, the system would attempt to present the analyst with possible transcript interpretations of increasing complexity and/or concreteness until some kind of composite picture could be drawn.


(U) Clearly, such an undertaking is very ambitious and well beyond our current expertise. Acting as a consultant, Dr. Jacques Vallee was to undertake the initial steps towards the development of such a system. As requested, we supplied him with the NExpert®* development system, an expert system shell which exploits non-monotonic reasoning (i.e., simultaneous forward and backward chaining or, analogously, simultaneous inductive and deductive reasoning). As the analyst's task is by no means a clearly hierarchical or linear process, this feature of the NExpert® system is a clear necessity.
(2) (U) Initial Goals
(U) The delivery of an expert system matching our specifications, if indeed such a system can be devised, would obviously require numerous development cycles, and
* (U) NExpert® is a product of Neuron Data, Inc., 444 High Street, Palo Alto, California.
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(U) was therefore not an immediate expectation. After discussions with Vallee, it was decided that the thrust of the FY 1987 effort should be focused upon the mapping of response to target. Rather than assuming that the target possibilities are effectively infinite, the system should be designed and programmed to have prior knowledge of the structure and contents of the 200 targets in our current target pool. This design decision renders the problem much more tractable, and certainly does not prevent further efforts from focusing upon response analysis with little or no knowledge of the target universe. Once a system was in place, we would supply Vallee with transcripts from 1987 experiments to serve as test data for the system.


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(4) (U) Results of Testing DACOS with Actual Remote Viewing Data
(U) The data given to Vallee for testing consisted of 30 RV transcripts from one 1987 experiment. He then used the DACOS program to assign confidence factors to the different target categories. Overall, the DACOS performed only marginally better than chance. Out of 30 transcripts, the water attribute was correctly identified 17 times, the structures attribute 13 times, and the full target classification twice. Unfortunately, this series of remote viewings, when judged, did not show a significant RV effect, and thus proved a poor test case. Nonetheless, this exercise allowed us to evaluate the progress and direction of this work.
(5) (U) Shortcomings of DACOS
(U) The categories within the DACOS system were constructed to produce visually distinct or "orthogonal" target types. The first two attribute levels of the DACOS hierarchy, Water and Structures, are by far the most clear, simple, and symmetric; most important, they correspond to common elements of RV transcripts. Nonetheless, some of the target classifications are inappropriate for the kind of RV response data typically seen. Experience has shown that the visual content is the most important aspect of a target; the minute details of a target are often missed and thus should not overpower the overall description of the target. For example, although several of the water targets do picture water, the water is confined to such a visually insignificant region as to be either unnoticed or ambiguous.


(U) The deeper levels of the DACOS hierarchy do not maintain the symmetric nature of the first two levels because they inherit properties from the preceding levels. Furthermore, the attributes chosen for the deeper levels do not necessarily reflect the actual visual nature of the targets. The attribute Monument discriminates targets on a very high social and cognitive level; identifying a monument requires a significant amount of conceptual or functional knowledge about a particular site, and is not necessarily evident from the visual contents of a target. The attribute Non-Monuments, representing the explicit absence of monuments, is even more abstract and visually ambiguous. Although Vallee's hierarchy yields a target category with a maximum of five questions, the choice of attributes is not ideal for the task.
(U) Clearly, the most significant problem with the DACOS system is its strict hierarchical structure. The system, by its tree traversal method, makes each decision strictly binding; once water has been determined to be absent, the system does not have any means of reconsidering water as an attribute. Effectively, by completely isolating sub-sections of the decision tree, the DACOS system renders the attribute Hilly for Water-Absent targets to be distinct from the attribute Hilly for Water-Present targets because the categories on one side of the tree will receive credit and those on the other side will receive none. This occurs because the


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(U) system does not allow for any network or global attribute semantics. Ideally, the system would not force a decision about the presence or absence of an attribute if that information is not available; rather, it would consider the data already acquired, and prompt for alternative data. Further efforts in the development of an expert system must allow for a broad and dynamic evaluation of all of the data the analyst presents.
(U) The DACOS system implicitly assumes that all the information it receives is certain. Clearly, a tool for the novice or uninitiated analyst must not expect that the analyst will be correct in 100% of his decisions. Furthermore, the system must not expect that an analyst will be able to render a meaningful decision about every possible attribute; in the absence of data about any given attribute, the analyst cannot necessarily assume that the attribute in question is in fac~ not present. For example, the particular attributes chosen for the lower levels, optimized for the minimality constraint Vallee imposed upon the system, do not best represent the elements typically contained in an RV response. The attributes Fertile, Arid, and Plowed are rarely seen; assuming that data pertaining to these three attributes cannot be discerned, eight categories are reduced to two, and the system has no way of resolving the analyst's uncertainty. As all RV response data are, by their very nature uncertain, the expert system we envision must deal with uncertainty from the very start.


(U) In an exploratory attempt to learn more about this aspect of the RV process, 20 RV sessions, comprising the output of one subject from a separate experiment, were videotaped and analyzed by a behavioral psychologist to discover if accurate sessions could be blindly separated from inaccurate sessions by gross external physiological changes which occurred during the RV session. Behaviors defined and coded included latency to first response, head movements, hand gestures, and interactive and descriptive verbalizations. Frequency counts of each behavior were made and correlated with a measure of the quality of the RV.
(U) Unfortunately for this analysis, the measure of RV quality showed no significant RV function. Thus. correlation between RV quality and the behaviors rated could not be expected to show a significant relationship. Results matched this expectation; there were no significant correlations between the measure of RV quality and the behaviors noted. There was a non-significant trend in the positive direction for latency to first response which is similar to the measurement of latency from stimulus to response time measured in another pilot experiment (see Task F-3). It should also be noted that two behaviors of particular interest, namely eye movement and facial expression, were not analyzed in this study because facial expression was considered too subjective without multiple observers while the quality of the video recordings did not permit accurate observation of eye movement.


(U) In conclusion, this study does not rule out the possibility that external physiological cues may give important clues to the quality of RV. It would be necessary to conduct a similar study with a sample of known high-quality remote viewing.

S. (U) Objective B, Task 1--Resource Library
(U) The Parapsychology Sources of Information Center (PSIC, Rhea A. White, Director) has completed two years of a multi-year effort intended to provide and maintain an extensive data base facility for parapsychological literature, described in a separate report. The overall goal is to have the data base, called PsiLine, include bibliographic information and abstracts of the entire literature of parapsychology and related disciplines. During the first year of a multi-year effort, PSIC purchased the necessary hardware and software, and then
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(U) implemented the first working version of PsiLine. Bibliographic information and abstracts of the major parapsychological journals from 1970 to the present were entered. During the second year, FY 19 87, the main purpose was to add as much material as possible. PsiLine now contains bibliographic information and abstracts of the major parapsychological journals from 1940 to date, complete sets of some of the minor parapsychological journals and several parapsychological newsletters, over two thirds of the major English-language books on parapsychology from 1880 to date, articles on parapsychology originally published in a language other than English, and 1,000 relevant articles published in nonparapsychological journals.


(U) An experiment was conducted by the Mind Science Foundation to study the possible relationship between intent to remotely influence a biological system and actual changes in the system. Three phases of the investigation were conducted, including a pilot study, an intermediate study, and a confirmation study. The first two were used to test and refine the protocol for the third and final study. As a result of these preliminary studies and further input from various experts, the confirmation study appears to have been extremely well conducted.
(U) Thirty-two subjects participated in the confirmation study. Their task was to attempt to retard the rate of hemolysis (destruction) of red blood cells that had been placed into a tube of distilled water and saline in a distant room. Each subject participated for one hour, broken into four fifteen-minute periods. Of these four periods, two were identified as control periods and two as protect periods. The experimenter measuring the rate of hemolysis was blind to this condition. During the protect periods, subjects used visualization and other intention strategies to try to protect the blood cells. During the control periods, subjects were to try to think of other matters. In one control and one protect period, eight tubes of blood were processed, and in the other periods two tubes were processed. Subjects were blind to this condition. It was used to attempt to ascertain whether observed effects could be attributed to causal relationships, or to intuitive data sorting. To see whether or not blood source was important, fourteen of the subjects were trying to protect their own blood, and eighteen were trying to protect that of another. Both subject and experimenter were blind as to the source of blood.


(U) One of the best novice viewers from the FY 19 86 training group was used to demonstrate the capability of the system. Viewer 137 produced two sets of eight RV responses to each of 16 targets selected randomly by computer. The responses were judged by comparing each response to the eight targets in the set and ranking the response according to the visual correspondence between the response and the eight targets. Analysis of these rankings showed that significant RV occurred in one of the two sets. We concluded that significant RV functioning could be obtained using the video disk format and propose that in coming years this device be employed in conjunction with any propose'd training program. In addition to using the video disk technology as a training device, we also formulated a way of applying it to a screening and selection task (see Objective F, Task 7).
15. (U) Objective F, Task 3--Develop and Test RV Training Hypotheses
(U) During FY 1987, an informal group of advanced remote viewer trainees and researchers was organized to: (1) discuss variables that may affect the quality limits of RV, (2) conduct practice sessions to maintain the in-house viewers in a state of readiness for formal RV experiments, (3) provide a setting for reinforcing the positive psychological set necessary for consistency of viewers' effort, and (4) develop experimental protocols designed to test hypotheses generated during discussions. This effort was exploratory in nature and it was agreed that any formal experiment proposals generated would be reviewed by the appropriate primary investigator and the SOC before any formal experimental trials were conducted.