Keywords:  Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/02/08: CIA-RDPO1-01773R000100170001-5
 ^
 that no damage was done to individuals who volunteer for the experi-
 ments."' Overseas interrogations utilizing a combination of sodium
 pentothal and hypnosis after physical and psychiatric examinations of
 the subjects were also part of ARTICHOKE.
 The Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), which studied scientific
 advances by hostile powers, initiall led BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE
 efforts. In 1952, overall responsibility for ARTICHOKE was trans-
 ferred from OSI to the Inspection and Security Office (I&SO), pre-
 decessor to the present Office of Security. The CIA's Technical Serv-
 ices and Medical Staffs were to be called upon as needed; OSI would
 retain liaison function with other government agencies." The change
 in leadership from an intelligence unit to an operating unit appar-
 ently reflected a change in emphasis; from the study of actions by
 hostile powers to the use, both for offensive and defensive purposes,


sion had conducted numerous operations abroad making use of LSD. The DDP

made this decision on the basis of security noting that the past efforts overseas

had resulted in "making an Inordinate number of foreign nationals witting of

our role in the very sensitive activity." (Meli1orandum for the Deputy Director

of Central Intelligence from the Deputy Director for Plans, 12/17/63, p. 2.)

•Ibid., pp. 2-3.

'

• l.G. survey of TSD, 1957, p. 217.

75
395
a. Background.-Olson, an expert in aerobiology who was assigned to the Special Operations Division (SOD) of the U.S. Army Biological Center at ()amp Detrick, Maryland. This Division had three
primary functions: · . . (1) assessing the vulnerability of American installations
to biological attack; (2) developing techniques for offensive use of biological
weapons; and (3) biological research for the CIA.2•
Professionally, Olson was well respected by his colleagues in both the Anny and the CIA. Colonel Vincent Ruwet, Olson's immediate superior at the time of his death, was in almost daily contact with Olson. According to Colonel Ruwet : "As a professional man ... his ability . . . was outstanding." 28 Colonel Ruwet stated that "during the period prior to the experiment . . . I noticed nothing which would lead me to believe that he was of unsound mind." 29 Dr. Lash-brook, who had monthly contacts with Olson from early 1952 until the time of his death, stated publicly that before Olson received LSD, "as far as I know, he was perfectly normal." 30 This assessment is in direct contradiction to certain statements evaluating Olson's emotional stability made in CIA internal memoranda written after


"Xote from DDCI to Richard Helms, 2/13/54. "The 1963 IG Report, which described the project involving the surreptitious administration of LSD, placed the project beginning in 1955. Other CIA docu· ments reveal that it was in existence as early as February 1954. The CIA ha11 told the Committee that the project began in 1953 and that the experiment which led to Dr. Olson's death was part of the project. • llemorandum from A'DDP items to DOI Dulles, 4/3/53, ta·b A, p. 2. • :Memorandum from DC! to Sidney Gottlleb, 2/12/54 ; and memorandum from DCI to Chief of Operations, TSS, 2/12/54.

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400 401

"observe the behavior of unwitting :persons being questioned a.fter having been given a drug." so There is no evidence that Subproject Number 3 was terminated even though these officers were uneqwvocally aware of the dangers of the surreptitious- administration of LSD and the necessity of obtaining informed consent and providing medical safeguards. Subproject Number 3, in fact, used methods which showed even less concern than did the OLSON experiment for the safety and security of the participants. Yet the evidence indicates the project continued until 1963.61


Moreover, the ~stration aibroad w~ marked by constant o~r vation marle possrble because the matenal was bemg used agamst prisoners of foreign intelligence or security organizations. Finally, during certain of the LSD interrogations a.brOad, local physicians were on call, though these physiciansnad had no experience with LSD and would not be told that hallucinogens had been administered.85
The CIA's project involving the surreptitious administratiOn of LSD to unwitting human subjects in the United States was finally halted in 1963, as a result of its discovery during the course of an Inspector General survey of the Technieal Sel"V'ices Division. When the Inspector General learned of the project, he spoke to the Deputy Director for Plans, who agreed that the Director should be briefed. The DDP made it clear that the DCI and his Deputy were generally familiar with MKULTRA. He indicated, however, that he. was not sure it was necessary to brief the DDCI at that point.
On May 24, 1963, the DDP advised the Inspector General that he had briefed the Director on the MKULTRA program and in particular had covered the question of the surreptitious administration of LSD to unwitting human subjects. According to the Inspector General, the DDP said that "the Director indicated no disagreement and therefore the 'testing' will continue." 88


SEtliEW
COMMUNIST CONTROL METHODS
APPENDIX 1: The Use of Scientific Design and Guidance, Drugs and Hypnosis in Communist Interrogation and Indoctrination Procedures.
The startling and dramatic confessions of persons who have been arrested, imprisoned and brought to trial by the Communists, and the intensely pro-Communist sentiments expressed by Americans released from Communist pri.sons, has led to much speculation and theorizing about highly organized scientific methods employed by the Communists. The effectiveness of their methods has been variously ascribed to modifications of Pavlovian conditioning techniques1, drugs, hypnosis, and other exotic and devious means of c::ontrolling human behavior.
The main study (to which this is an appendix) demonstrates that no such methods need be postulated to explain and understand the apparent successes of Communist methods of interrogation and indoctrination. However, because of the widespread interest in the possible participation of scientists in the design and development of Communist control methods, a specific investigation of this question was undertaken. The findings of this investigation are that scientists have not participated. The uniformity of control miethods throughout the Communist countries makes it apparent that they have been organized into a more or less formal body of doctrine, and it is known that those who use the methods are trained in the doctrine and try to follow it, but all of the evidence points to the fact that the doctrine was developed and organized by the police officials themselves.


a lS f Q ? F I
There is, however, good reason to believe that secret police in the Communist countries, especially those of Czechoslovakia and Russia, have experimented with the use of all the commonly known psychochemicals and so-called "truth drugs". This belief is based upon recurrent and scattered reports to this effect, some from sources regarded as reliable. Furthermore, nearly all of these drugs and most of the scientific literature describing their effects, are readily available to the Communists. It is, therefore, important to consider the possible role which drugs and psychochemicals might play in interrogations.
The drugs which are of potential importance in interrogations are:
(1) Stimulants (2) Hypnotics (3) Hallucinogenic Agents
The stimulants, in general, have the effect of increasing wakefulness and alertness at the expense of creating tremulousness, feelings of anxiety and overactivity. Caffein, benzedrine, and dexedrine fall into this category. There are a number of derivatives of benzedrine which have essentially the same action. 11 Aktedron", a synthetic benzedrine derivative, has been used in Czechoslovakia and Southeast Europe. Coffee and benzedrine derivatives are sometimes administered to tired or sleepy prisoners in order to wake them up enough so that the interrogation can be carried on. They have been used in this manner in Eastern Europe, in Russia, and in China. They, in and of themselves. have no important effect in producing confessions. Used in combination with the system of psychological and physiological pressures (as described in the main report), such stimulants as benzedrine will, in many cases, accelerate and exacerbate the profound fatigue, confusion, loss of critical judgment. and breakdown of resistance which is a consequence of the full course of control techniques.


BECllLI
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The so-called "hypnotics 11 do not actually produce hypnosis. They are sleep producing drugs which have a moderately intoxicating effect in small doses. The barbiturates such as nembutal and phenobarbital fall into this category. So-called "truth serum" is sodium amytal or sodium pentothal. both of which are rapidly acting barbiturates that are administered by vein. When these drugs are given in the proper dosage. they have a relaxing and befuddling effect similar to that produced by moderate amounts of alcohol. Under some circumstances. individuals intoxicated by these drugs become loose in their talk. But these drugs have no effect in producing truth, and persons under their influence can resist their action to the same extent that they can resist the action of alcohol. There is no evidence that the Communists have effectively or extensively used amytal interviews as a means of extracting confessions. although it is quite probable that they have experimented with this maneuver. The hypnotic drug which is most frequently mentioned as a Communist tool is Scopolamine. a naturally occuring substance long known in medical science. It is one of the ingredients in the "twilight sleep" medication used by obstetricians on women in labor. It, too, has an intoxicating and befuddling effect in small doses, an effect which would be difficult to distinguish from that of the profound fatigue, sleep loss, undernourishment, anxiety and confusion produced by the usual Communist control techniques.


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Another question that recurrently arises is whether prisoners at the time of police confession are in a state of hypnosis. No evidence of the use of hypnotists or of hypnotism in any of the Communist confession procedures has been found. At the time of his Gestapo-like experiments, it is said that Beria experimented with the use of hypnosis also. Our informers state that the experiments were a failure and the attempts did not continue.
Although formal hypnotism is not used, the confession routine as it has been described does create in those exposed to it an increased degree of pliability and suggestibility. It is not clear to what extent the Communists are aware of this and purposefully exploit it.
Conclusions:
The Communist secret police organs have experimented with hypnosis, drugs and various scientific training techniques, but they have not exploited their potential operationally. Soviet and Satellite police officers are biased against the use of psychiatrists and psychologists, and no reliable evidence has been found of their direct guidance or participation in attempts to elicit information from prisoners or to produce confessions. This does not mean that these scientific resources will not be exploited in the future. For this reason, attention has been given to types of drugs and techniques which are potential instruments and aids to Communist interrogation-indoctrination procedures.


 course interested in who is behind a cause, but it is even
 more interested in what is said and done and, above all,
 in whether the sayings and doings comport A\itll tile
 Constitution of the United States.
 The "National Assembly for Democratic Rights" did

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experts are questioning the wisdnm nf basement fallout shelters. The net result, the:>; caution, "might he to trap families far removed from the target area in the flaming wreckage of their homes."
Don't build a shelter. If you feel like doing something about it, Bertrand Russell is a better guide than your smiling neighhorhood shelter contractor, or even your Congres.sman.
Hypnosis in Government
Allen Welsh Dulles has been succeeded as director of the Central Intelligence Agency by another well-heeled and self-confident gentleman, John A. McCone. The transfer of power t<}ok place under curious auspices. The President met the outgoing and incoming directors at the Naval War College before an audience of Naval officers and personnel and laid 1n1 praise and congratulations with a trowel; then Dulles lauded McCone, and McCone lauded Dulles. The inference was that McCone intended to follow in Dulles' footsteps. One would have ,thought that Dulles' career in the CIA had been a long, splendid climb from success to success, that there had never been a U-2 ''incident" nor a Cuban fiasco. It was a triumph of good manners over the facts of life. An alternative explanation is that Dulles is a hypnotist,


beyond the presently estimated total of 10,000, and

further increase the traffic jam ;a its splendid new head-

<p1arters (the "little Pentagon") at Langley, Va. As for

the separation of its intrlligcncc and "operation:d" func-

tions - the Cuh:rn fiasco was an example of rhe latter - h~· all indi1·ations it will he in name only. According

to Robert S. Allen ;ind Paul Scott (!,os Anf;eles Times,

September 26), the President will shortly announce the

seraration, hut the two functions will still remain with-

in the CIA! Presumably, to implement this decision,

Mr. McCone will be equipped by the CIA's own psy-

chiatrists with a dual personality.

Tiu• Penalties of Virtue
If Allen W. Dulles has been rewarded for what might he called destructive creativity, ]. \V. Fulbright can expect only to be dcnii:ratcd for his public service, and indeed that is happening. The ax is out for Fulbright, and he will be fortunate to hold his scat in the Senate.
In the eyes of the far Right, everything is wrong with Fulbright. First, he is an intellectual in the sense that he thinks, and thinks in terms of facts, not cliches, and in terms of the country's welfare, not political expediency. Second, as one reporter in Washini:ton said, Fulbright is "intcllcctuall~' unterrificd"; he has courage as well as wisdom. Third, he docs not believe in tutelage by the military. Fourth, he is an internationalist in that he believes the United States must pay attention to world opinion. Fifth, he douhts that it is rossible for any nation, even his own, to be 100 per cc.nt right 100 per cent of the time. Thus he has said, according to the Associated Press, that Berlin was not all the fault of the Russians. "The Americans contri·buted much to this. . . . I do not want tn he self-righteous ahout it." There is some doubt as to the accuracy of the quotation, hut its import is unmistakable. Here is a man who, in a matter affecting the interest or supposed interest of his country, is unwilling to be self-righteous. A personality sn constituted docs not go down well with the John Birch and Barry Goldwater crowds.


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•

C"l:\·'S~•''.4 '·..•j··,\i-\:-.'1/c..L:oJ

11
:J

SUBJECT: Discussion with Dr. Donald Schueck

A press release acknowledging limited association of SRI scientists with para-normal research has been prepared and approved by the Board of Directors. They fervently hope that the press release will never have to be issued.
b. The decision of whether or not to continue in this research remains open at this time for the above reasons. The President of SRI and Dr. Schueck would like to continue if public visibility can be kept very low.
c. Because of the unprecedented results that have been obtained at SRI with two "sensitives" (including the Israeli, Uri Geller), the senior management, including the President and Vice-President of SRI, have become personally involved in the laboratory data collection. Further, Dr. Schueck personally conducted many experiments alone with Mr. Geller to eliminate the possibility of fraud on the part of SRI scientists. Also, Dr. Schueck personally determined the method of data acquisition, security of storage, and analysis (observed in the film, "Experiments with Uri Geller"). I feel it appropriate to note parenthetically that Dr. Schueck represents the fourth management level above the senior scientists directly involved with the research, which supports his claim to me of the importance that SRI assigns to this project.


d. Dr. Schueck certified to me that the data we have observed and heard about are legitimate and cannot be explained on the basis of fraud. He does not rule out the possibility that some other kinds of experiments that have been done with Geller elsewhere could not be reproduced by trickery, but that the controls on the experiments done at SRI and the data reported are honest.
s. Dr. Schueck explained how SRI became involved with
Geller, but his conunents were completely consistent with prior memos I have written on the basis of information from other sources. He described the experiments that he has personally conducted with Geller. I extracted from him the minute details of how he conducted the experiments, which were telepathic in
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SUBJECT: Discussion with Dr. Donald Schueck
nature. If Dr. Schueck was telling me the truth as I believe he was, then I assert that the experiments done with Dr. Schueck are Yalid. Dr. Schueck did not appear to be the kind of person who could be subject to hallucination or deep hypnosis quickly and without extensive prior preparation as would otherwise have been the case in the experiments he conducted with Geller personally. I doubt that anyone is, but assert that if this be the case, the importance of the Agency's learning how this is done is even greater than the investigation of para-normal phenomena itself.


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SECRET
The so-called "hypnotics'' do not actually produce hypnosis. They are sleep producing drugs which have a moderately intoxicating effect in small doses. The barbiturates such as nembutal and phenobarbital fall into this category. So-called "truth serum 11 is sodium amytal or sodium pentothal, both of which are rapidly acting barbiturates that are administered by vein. When these drugs are given in the proper dosage, they have a relaxing and befuddling effect similar to that produced by moderate amounts of alcohol. Under some circumstances. individuals intoxicated by these drugs become loose in their talk. But these drugs have no effect in producing truth, and persons under their influence can resist their action to the same extent that they can resist the action of alcohol. There is no evidence that the Communists have effectively or extensively used amytal interviews as a means of extracting confessions, although it is quite probable that they have experimented with this maneuver. The hypnotic drug which is most frequently mentioned as a Communist tool is Scopolamine, a naturally occuring substance long known in medical science. It is one of the ingredients in the "twilight sleep" medication used by obstetricians on women in labor. It, too, has an intoxicating and befuddling effect in small doses, an effect which would be difficult to distinguish from that of the profound fatigue, sleep loss, undernourishment, anxiety and confusion produced by the usual Communist control techniques.


2. The Director of Central Intelligence will have during peacetime full tasking responsibility and authority for translating PRC-validated national intelligence requirements into specific intelligence collection objectives and targets and assigning these to intelligence collection organizations. For these purposes a National Intelligence Tasking Center jointly manned by civilian and military personnel will be established under the direction of the DCI to task all national intelligence collection systems. The Tasking Center will also
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2

be responsible for ensuring that the resulting intelligence flow is routed immediately to relevant components and commands. In periods of crisis or during war the power to task collection facilities may be delegated to the Secretary of Defense upon the express direction of the President.
3. The Director of Central Intelligence will have full and exclusive authority for approval of the National Foreign Intelligence Program (NFIP) budget prior to its presentation (through usual procedures) to the President, for its presentation to Congress, reprograunning of NFIP funds and monitoring program implementation. In response to DCI guidance, the departments and agencies of the NFIP will submit their proposed national program budgets to the DCI and assure that the DCI has all information necessary to perform his budgetary responsibilities. The National Foreign Intelligence Board will advise the DCI on all of his budgetary responsibilities in the same manner as it does on national intelligence production and other activities of common concern. Department heads will retain the right to reclama DCI budget decisions to the President.


FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

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The Director of Central Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense shall draft an Executive Order to implement the above decisions for review by the NSC Special Coordination Committee and my approval. This will provide the basis for consultation with Congress on the development of appropriate charter legislation.

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STAT

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The Director of Central lntcllig_ence Approved F~elease 2007/03/08: CIA-RDP808015a4R003400160033-6
WJ,h1ngton. D. C 20505
The Honorable Joseph R. Addabbo House of Representatives Washington, D.C. 20515 Dear Mr. Addabbo,
Ever since your strong comments during our budget hearings last March on the overlap between CIA and DIA computer programs, I have been working to unravel that picture. I am happy to let you know that I have just made a decision to delay the CIA program for one year in order that it and the DIA program can proceed in step. Otherwise, the CIA program would have been ahead and commonalty would have been more difficult.


Beyond this, we will make every effort to combine the programs as much as possible. We have a major study coming out on this soon. I will be back to you with more details when they are resolved, but at least we are moving in the direction you suggested~ I appreciate your having brought it to my attention originally.
With warm regards. Yours sincerely,
STANSFIELD TURNER
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W<ishington. D. C. 20505

• 2 AUG 1977

Honorable Daniel K. Inouye, Chairman Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate Washington. D. C. 20510

..

Dear Mr. Chairman:

In my letter to you of 15 July 1977, I reported our recent discovery of seven boxes of documents related to Project MKULTRA, a closely held CIA project conducted from 1953-1964. As you may recall. MKULTRA was an 11umbrella projectTI under which certain sensitive subprojects were funded, involving· among other things research on drugs and behavioral modification. During the Rockefeller Commission and Church Committee investigations in 1975, the cryptonym became publicly known when details of the drug-related death of Dr. Frank Olson were publicized. In 1953 Dr. Olson, a civilian employee of the Army at Fort Detrick. leaped to his death from a hotel room window in New York City about a week after having unwittingly consumed LSD administered to him as an experiment at a meeting· of LSD researchers called by CIA.


-.
Most of what was known about the Agency's involvement with behavioral drugs during the investigations in 1975 was contained in a report on Project MKULTRA prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963. As a result of that report's recommendations, unwitting testing of drugs on U.S. citizens was subsequently discontinued. The MKULTRA-related report was made available to the Church Committee investigators and to the staff of Senator Kennedy's Subcommittee on Health. Until the recent discovery, it was believed that all of the MKULTRA files dealing with behavioral modification had been destroyed in 1973 on the orders of the then retiring Chief of the Office of Technical Service, with the authorization of the then DCI, as has been previously reported. Almost all of the people who had had any connection

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with the aspects of the project which interested Senate investigators in 1975 were no longer with the Agency at that time. Thus. there was little detailed knowledge of the MKULTRA subprojects available to CIA during the Church Committee investigations. This lack of available details, moreover, was probably not wholly attributable to the destruction of MKULTRA files in 1973; the 1963 report on MKULTRA by the Inspector General notes on page 14: "Present practice is to maintain no records of the planning and approval of test programs."


When I reported to you last on this matter, my staff had not yet had an opportunity to review the newly located material in depth. This has now been accomplished, and I am in a position to give you a description of the contents of the recovered material. I believe you will be most interested in the following aspects of the recent discovery:
--How the material was discovered and why it was not previously found;
--The nature of this recently located material;
--How much new information there is in the material which may not have been previously known and reported to Senate investigators; and,
--What we believe the most significant aspects of this find to be.
To begin, as to how we discovered these materials. The material had been sent to our Retired Records Center outside of Washington and was discovered there as a result of the extensive search efforts of an employee charged with responsibility for maintaining our holdings on behavioral drugs and for responding to Freedom of Information Act requests on this subject. During the Church Committee investigation in 1975, searches for MKULTRA-related material were made by examining both the active and retired records of all branches of CIA considered at all likely to have had association with MKULTRA documents. The retired records of the Budget and Fiscal Section of the Branch responsible for such work were not searched, however. This was because financial papers associated with sensitive projects such as MKULTRA were normally maintained by the Branch itself under the project file, not by the Budget and Fiscal Section. In the case at hand, however, the newly located material was sent to the Retired Records Center in 1970 by the Budget and Fiscal Section as part of its own retired holdings. The reason for this departure from normal procedure is not known. As a result of it, however, the material escaped retrieval and destruction in 1973 by the then-retiring Director of the Office as well as discovery in 1975 by CIA officials responding to Senate investigators. The employee who located this material did so by leaving no stone unturned in his efforts to respond to FOIA requests. He reviewed all listings of material of this


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Branch stored at the Retired Records Center, including those of the Budget and Fiscnl Section and, thus, discovered the MKULTRA-related documents which had been missed in the previous searches. In sum, the Agency failed to uncover these particular documents in 1973 in the process of attempting to destroy them; it similarly failed to locate them in 1975 in response to the Church Committee hearings. I am convinced that there was no attempt to conceal this material during the earlier searches.
Next, as to the nature of the recently located material, it is important to realize that the recovered folders are finance folders. The bulk of the material in them consists of approvals for advance of funds, vouchers, accountings, and the like--most of which are not very informative as to the nature of the activities that were undertaken. Occasional project proposals or memoranda commenting on some aspect of a subproject are scattered throughout this material. In general, however, the recovered material does not include status reports or _other documents relating to operational considerations or progress in the various subprojects, though some elaboration of the activities contemplated does appear. The recovered documents fall roughly into three categories:


--23 subprojects;

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8. polygraph research:
--3 subprojects;
9. Funding mechanisms for MKULTRA external research activities:
--3 subprojects;
10. Research on drugs, toxins, and biologicals in human tissue; provision of exotic pathogens and the capability to incorporate them in effective delivery systems:
--6 subprojects;
11. Activities whose objectives can not be determined from available documentation:
·--3 subprojects;
12. Subprojects involving funding support for unspecified activities connected with the Army's Special Operations Division at Ft. Detrick, Md. This activity is outlined in Vol. I of the Church Committee Report, pp. 388-389. Under CIA's Project MKNAOMI, the Army assisted CIA in developing, testing, and maintaining biological agents and delivery systems for use against humans as well as against animals and crops. The objectives of these subprojects cannot be identified from the recovered material beyond the fact that the money was to be used where normal funding channels would require more written or oral justification than appeared desirable for-security reasons or where operational considerations dictated short lead times for purchases. About $11,000 was involved during this period 1953-1960:


--3 subprojects;
13. Single subprojects in such areas as effects of electro-shock, harassment techniques for offensive use, analysis of extrasensory perception, gas propelled sprays and aerosols, and four subproj ects involving crop and materiel sabotage.
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14. One or two subprojects on each of the following:
--"Blood Grouping" research, controlling the activity of animals , energy storage and transfer in organic systems; and,
--stimulus and response in biological systems.
15. Three subprojects cancelled before any work was done on them having to do with laboratory drug screening, research on brain concussion, and research on biologically active materials to be tested through the skin on human volunteers.
Now, as to how much new the recovered material adds to what has previously been reported to the Church Committee and to Senator Kennedy's Subcommittee on Health on these topics, the- answer is additional detail, for the most part: e.g. , the names of previously unidentified researchers and in-stitutions associated on either a witting or unwitting basis with MKULTRA activities, and the names of CIA officials who approved or monitored the various subprojects. Some new substantive material is also present: e.g., details concerning proposals for experimentation and clinical testing associated with various research projects, and a possibly improper contribution by CIA to a private institution. However, the principal types of activities included have, for the most part, either been outlined to some extent or generally described in what was previously available to CIA in the way of documentation and was supplied by CIA to Senate investigators. For example:


--Financial disbursement records for the period J960-1964 for 76 of the 149 numbered MKULTRA subprojects had been recovered from the Office of Finance by CIA and were made available to the Church Committee investigators in August or September 1975;
--The 1963 Inspector General report on MKULTRA made available to both the Church Committee and Senator Kennedy's Subcommittee mentions electro-shock and harassment substances (pp. 4, 16); covert testing on unwitting U.S. citizens (pp. 7, 10-12); the search for new materials through arrangements with specialists in universities, pharmaceutical houses, hospitals, state and federal institutions, and private research organizations (pp. 7, 9); and the fact that the Techincal Service Division of CIA had initiated 144 subprojects related to the control of human behavior between 1953-1963 (p. 21).
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.,
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--The relevant section of a 1957 Inspector General report on the Technical Service Division was also made available to the Church Committee staff. That report discusses techniques for human assessment and unorthodox methods of communication (p. 201); discrediting and disabling materials which can be covertly administered (pp 201-202); studies on magicians' arts as applied to covert operations (p. 202) ; specific funding mechanisms for research performed outside of CIA (pp. 202-203, 205); research being done on "K11 (knockout) material, alcohol tolerance, and hypnotism (p. 203); research on LSD (p. 204); anti-personnel harassment and assassination delivery systems including aerosol generators and other spray devices (pp. 206-208); the role of Fort Detrick in support of CIA's Biological/Chemical Warfare capability (p. 208); and material sabotage research (p. 209). Much of this material is reflected in the Church Committee Report, Volume I, pp. 287-·411.


The most significant new data discovered are, first, the names of researchers and institutions who participated in the MKULTRA project and, secondly , a possibly improper contribution by CIA to a privatE~ institution. We are now in possession of the names of 185 non-government researchers and assistants who are identified in the recovered material dealing with the 149 subprojects. The names of 80 institutions where work was done or with which these people were affiliated are also mentioned. The institutions include 44 colleges or universities, 15 research foundations or chemical or pharmaceutical companies and the like, 12 hospitals or clinics . (in addition to those associated with universities) , and 3 penal institutions. While the identities of some of these people and institutions were known previously, the discovery of the new identities adds to our knowledge of MKULTRA.
The facts as they pertain to the possibly improper contribution are . as follows: One project involves a contribution of $375, 000 to a building fund of a private medical institution. The fact that a contribution was made was previously known; indeed it was mentioned in a 1957 Inspector General report on the Technical Service Division of CIA, pertinent portions of which had been reviewed by the Church Committee staff. The newly discovered material, however, makes it clear that this contribution was made through an intermediary, which made it appear to be a private donation. As a private


tion with drugs.

The review of the newly discovered materials failed to
reveal any information which ~ould contradict or change the scope of that information previously furnished to the investi-
ga tin¥ bodies: ~Jl~Q,.__tl.1_~ __1-l_t:;,~]Y _,~,ts.c:overed "'m_ate;rtal . t~qnta:i.ns wo,rking papers and file material that merely provides IllQJ:_Q_.!ieJ;;:i,il than. had previoµ,~,ly been available.

The material, as contained within the cartons retrieved from archives, was not assembled in any particular fashion, thus the task force reviewing this material divided the documents into seven basic categories. A summary and description of each category follows:
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I. BACKGROUND LITERATURE ON BEHAVIOR CONTROL AND DRUGS OF INTEREST TO PROJECT ARTICHOKE/BLUEBIRD
The documents in this collection in effect constitute the library for the ARTICHOKE/BLUEBIRD Project. The bulk of this material consists of periodical articles and reprints of scientific monographs pertaining to behavior control and the effects and characteristics of drugs. It includes a number of bibliographies on subjects such as drugs, interrogation and interviewing techniques, lie detectors, hypnotism, and brainwashing. There arc folders on specific drugs and chemical agent~, such as Rauwolfia Serpentina, Meratran, Mitrazol, Mescaline, etc., together with several folders on non-drug related fields of· behavior coritrol such as amnesia, ESP, electro-shock therapy, prefrontal lobotomy, and schizophrenia.


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to,1946 with various drugs believed to aid in interrogation. The )~formation relates to several experiments on approximately eighty-eight witting American citizens using such
drugs as Benzedrine, Caff6inc, Scopolaminc, Alcohol, and Tctrahydrocannabindl Acetate. A June 1943 OSS memorandum refers to various experiments with U.S. Military volunteers using Mescaline, Cannabis, Indicia, and Tetrahydrocannabindl Acetate. This memorandum also mentions an unwitting test in 1943 on a "notorious New York gangster" by one of the OSS researchers.

I I J.. HYPNOSIS
Another category of the newly discovered material is a collection of files, films, and tapes concerning hypnotism. The material indicates a strong interest but little, if any, operational use of this medium. A great deal of reference material was studied and analyzed, various authorities were consulted, and several Agency employees were trained in the art of hypnotism. A program of hypnosis testing and experimentation was conducted between 1951 and 1954 using volunteer Agency employees as subjects. An interim report in 1954 regarding these tests states that the tests were neither of sufficient complexity nor conducted under the hazardous conditions necessary to warrant "extravagant" claims for operational use; however, there were strong indications of the potential of hypnotism as an offensive and defensive aid. There are also indications of research and experimentation into disguised induction of hypnosis through mechanical means, e.g., polygraph, audiometer, EKG, etc.


The project received guidance from at least mid1951 through 1953 from the BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE Committee, which at various times was represented. by the Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI), Office of Special Operations, Office of Policy Coordination, Inspection and Security Office (I &SO), the Technical Services Staff, and the Office of Medical Services. The project was initially under the cognizance of OSI, but responsibility was transferred to I&SO in October 1952. Unlike MKULTRA, it does not appear that large sums were spent on external research. There are several documents proposing various external research projects, but there is no indication that they were approved. It appears that project personnel, in lieu of sponsored research, depended instead o~ obtaining the results of research sponsored by others.
V. PERSONNEL
This collection consists of two boxes of personality files on individuals who were of interest to Project BLUEBIRD/ ARTICHOKE, many of whom were later of interest to Project MKULTRA. There is a total of three hundred fifty-seven folders in this collection. Many other names of individuals of interest to BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE are contained in the individual folders, as well as appearing throughout the entire collection of newly found material. In the main these individuals are doctors, psychiatrists, chemists, and hypnotists who were doing work or were acknowledged as experts in areas of interest to BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE. Also included arc officials of other U.S. Government agencies such as N.I.H., FDA, and the U.S. Military. The review of this material is only partially complete and the total number of names which appear throughout this material has not been determined. However, tho material has not been found to contain the names of any individuals who were the subjects of any drug or hypnosis experiments.


Subject: FLYING SAUCERS UFO REPORTS
Title: FLYING SAUCERS UFO REPORTS
---

DELL

'LIKE THE FLIGHT OF A,9'.,.,,.,,,,
The Famous IGY Incident Photos

!ANATOMY OF AWHAT'ZIT The Shape of Things That Came

51
'.

THAT

WILL

CURL

YOUR

HAIR

Encounters with Humanoids

;HELLO, OUT THERE
· Life on Other Planets

PLUS:f Features-Photos-Current Sightings
Answers to Your Questions

FLYING
UFO REPORTS

IF ANYONE ASKS............................................................................................ 2 5 THAT WILL CURL YOUR HAIR ..................................................................... 12 " ... LIKE THE FLIGHT OF A BAT" ............................................................... 18 l'M STILL CLIMBING ..................................................................................... 22 MAYBE l'VE SEEN THE DEVIL ....................................................................... 24 BETWEEN INDIAN HEAD AND ASHLAND ....................................................... 30 FLAP IN MICHIGAN ....................................................................................... 33 HELLO, OUT THERE! ......... .... .... ..... ... ..... .. ... .. ......... ............ ........ ............ .... ... 38 IF YOU CAN'T SIGHT 'EM-COIN 'EM ........................................................... 42 COMING IN FOR A CHARGE ........................................................................... 44 ANATOMY OF A WHAT'ZIT ............. ... ..... . .. ........ ... ..... .... .... ... .................... ...... 46 WORTH 1000 WORDS ............. ........ .... ... ..... .... ........ .. ..... .. ...... ........ .... .... .... ... 56 WHO'S MINDING THE STORE? ... ... ............ ... ... .. ....... ... ................................. 62


Source: Flying Saucers From Outer Space,

by Major Donald E. Keyhoe, U.S.

Houghton, Mich., U.S. Air Force Radar Base, Kewee-

Marine Corps, retired:

. naw Peninsula reported to UPI "solid radar contact" on

.'~ 1

Radar experts admit scope is as susceptible to illusion
as is the eye, but have picked up some strange blips.

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up to ten UFOs moving over Lake Superior in V-formation, north~northeast at 9000 miles per hour.
Source: Incident At Exeter, John G. Fuller
Gulf of Mexico, December 6, 1952. One of the most fascinating accounts of radar tracked objects was reported in Major Keyhoe's Flying Saucers from Outer Space based on information released to him by AI Chop. The sighting was first made by a bomber pilot at 5: 24 a.m., 100 miles south of the Louisiana coast. The pilot called his radar officer at the Texas base and asked him to check the coastline on the auxillary scope in the cockpit. Suddenly a blip appeared at one edge of the screen of the officer's main ra. darscope. In the next revolution, the unidentified craft had gone 13 miles. Its third appearance indicated the object would meet the B-29 headon. The radar officer yelled for the flight engineer to help track the object. Between the two of them they computed the object's speed at 5,240 mph. Such speeds seemed impossible to both the bomber pilot and the radar officer, who took time to recalibrate his set. He found no malfunction and by this time there were four UFOs on his screen and also seen by the pilot. During the first six minutes, five such saucers were sighted, all moving at more than 5000 mph. Then the scopes cleared. For one minute the airmen saw nothing. Then two blurs of blue-white whizzed by and five saucers raced in behind the bomber, cut across its course, then headed straight for the B-29. Disaster was imminent. Abruptly the UFOs slowed to the speed of the bomber and hung behind it for ten seconds. When they left, it was to join a huge mother ship that sloshed across the radar scope and was gone, at 9000 mph. Intelligence officers questioned the experienced air and radar men over and over again, receiving always the same unshakeable reports on speed, design and maneuvers. The experience could be explained in only one way: Inteplanetary machines.


In Frank Edwards' highly informative Flying SaucersSerious Business, he quotes Frank Halstead, Curator of the Darling Observatory, Duluth,. Minn. in an interview with the author: Edwards: "A little while ago yoti stated that you believe
that intelligent beings exist elsewhere in the universe, possibly, or probably, developed far beyond our intelligence levels in some instances?" Ha·lstead: "That is correct." Edwards: "In that case they would already have solved the problems of crossing space, would they not?" Halstead: "I believe that is a reasonable assumption." Edwards: "Such space travelers would conceivably have visited Earth, then?" Halstead: "This is pure speculation, or almost pure speculation, but I think that we should assume that we have had space visitors. . . . I feel that we have had visitors from space just as I feel that in the universe we are not alone." Edwards: "In your opinion, Mr. Halstead, could the Unidentified Flying objects of our time be space ships?" Ha1stead: "Frankly, sir, they could hardly be anything else." The experience of Professor Walter N. Webb, chief lecturer on astronomy at Charles Hayden Planetarium in Boston, who described the yellow glow that undulated over the hills at the south end of Silver Lake in Michigan in 19 51 is another example of the trained eye confronted with an unidentifiable object. To the experienced astronomer the wavey path ruled out planes and planets and existing conditions ruled out inversion effect of ground based lights. The professor's conclusion: An UFO. To further substantiate the conviction of reputable astronomers that UFOs do exist, there is the account of Dr. Clyde Tombaugh's experience in 1949. Dr. Tombaugh, discoverer of the planet, Pluto, was at his Las Cruces, New Mexico, home when he saw a cigar-shaped object silhouetted against the sky. He could make out a row of yellow lighted openings, giving the impression of portholes or windows, running


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from front to back. In a letter to Richard Hall, of NICAP, Dr. Tombaugh said these illuminated rectangles maintained a fixed position in respect to each other, which supported his impression of solidity. "I was really petrified with astonishment," he wrote. And, in an article for Life magazine he stated that "in all his long years of sky watching he had never seen the equal of this remarkable craft."
Greenville, S.C., May 13, 1952: Four astronomers watched four oval shaped glowing saucers flying in diamond-shaped formation. They were silent. They wobbled several times, then went out of sight.
Source: Flying Saucers from Outer Space, Major Donald Keyhoe
Cigar-shaped object is frequent sighting. This, over Anaheim, Cal., in 1957 "fiickered with reddish light."
The A.P.R.O. Bulletin, official publication of the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization, with headquarters in Tucson, Ariz., recently reported on a sighting made in 1964 by two technicians attached to the Cosmic Radiation Center at Chile University near Santiago, Chile. They had been awakened by the intense heat in their room despite the piercing cold on that November night at that altitude. One of the men went outside, found the heat there even more intense and the. mountain lighted up by a bright orange color. Afraid some tanks of liquid gas had caught fire, he called to his companion. The other man arrived just in time to see an object ascend from the bottom of the canyon and disappear from sight in the sky at a tremendous speed. Dr. Gabriel Alvia!, Director of the center, and Professor Claudio Anguita, Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Chile University, in reporting the incident to the press,


There was a report the next month from a test pilot at what is now Edwards Air Force Base in California's Mojave Desert. He watched what he thought was a weather balloon until he saw that it was going against the wind. He described it as spherical in shape, yellow-white in color. Two hours later, in the same neighborhood, a crew of technicians sighted what they thought was a parachute canopy. Then they realized it was traveling too fast for a test parachute, and against the wind. It was soundless, had no

visible means of propulsion and, after 90 seconds, disappeared behind mountains. Their o.ainions, based on the shape and functional appearance, was that the object was man-made.
One year later, in July of 1948, a pilot flying a commercial airliner from Houston, Tex. to Atlanta, Ga., saw a bright light closing in on him so fast that he knew it could not be a jet. He nudged his co-pilot, then wheeled in a tight left turn as the object spun off 700 feet to the right. The pilots described a deep blue glowing underside, two rows of glowing windows and a 50-foot trail of redorange flame. The only passenger who witnessed the incident saw "a strange, eerie streak of light, very intense." \,Yhen the crew chief at the Air Force Base near Macon, Ga., reported seeing a bright light in the same vicinity, traveling at tremendous speed, and a pilot over the Virginia-North Carolina line reported a "bright shooting star" at the same time over Montgomery, Ala., the ATIC took notice. After investigation they summed up the glowing fast-traveler as a meteor. Major Donald Keyhoe, in his Flying Saucers From Outer Space, has reported that the project analyst himself was not happy with this summation and allowed that it "seems very improbable."


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vering pilot and the object as Harris tried to close in. Harris got within what he estimated was three miles of
the object, near enough to see that its surface was not unlike "sand blasted" aluminum, approximately 50 feet in diameter and five to ten feet thick at the center. Although in its rocking motion it sometimes took on the look of a zeppelin, when it finally took off, going straight up, then to the south, Harris could see it was more like a disc, plates linked by their lips. The UFO hovered briefly over Lake Omni station, then with a great thrust of speed, moved west and out of sight within seconds.
By the time the Lorenzens interviewed Harris, they were familiar with the conclusions of the Air Force on this sighting: A research balloon or Venus. The veteran pilot was familiar with the Pentagon established conclusion, too. But he had seen a gray disc, hovering, then shooting off with terrific acceleration to the south then the west, against the wind. This was Venus? This was a weather balloon? Two Navy commanders and several other officers from Naval Intelligence interviewed Harris, too. They didn't try to sway the pilot's convictions. They, too, were convinced the object was real and unidentified.


In his effort to escape, the produce merchant drew a knife. It glanced off the hard, hairy little body as though he'd struck steel and in the next instant he was blinded by a stream of light from a small tube directed into his face by one of the other small creatures. Unarmed, disabled and outmanned, the 'man sank to the ground in a frenzy of fright and the sphere took off in a great blast of speed.
When-help arrived, the man was given medical treatment for a long red gash in his side and subjected to extensive police questioning, but found to be completely sober and visibly upset by his experience.
Pure fiction, you say, stemming from the possible sighting of some easily explained natural phenomenon that, in the eerie predawn hours, played havoc with the imagiQations of two Venezuelan working men. But hold, the above 'account which is reported in detail in Coral Lorenzen's Flying Saucers (Signet) does not stop there.

Exposition Park. Two friends of his, one a member of the National Guard, heard his screams and came upon him unconscious on the ground just as a hairy little man leaped into a shiny disc like craft that then took off with a deafening buzz. Authorities found all three men to be extremely frightened and the actual victim in a state of shock with severe gashes on his side and back that looked like claw marks. In Coral Lorenzen's Flying Saucers, this account is mentioned as "one of the first believable accounts of contact with occupants of UFOs."


and found matted grass and bits of black plastic. The incident might have been dismissed as an example of imagined horrors in the wake of sighting some unexplained night time light of eerie dimension. But that same day hundreds of other reports filtered in from other people in the surrounding area who had sighted strange lights and objects in the sky the previous evening. Among these was a member of the schoolboard who said he had seen a strange craft take off from the hilltop.
The Air Force wrote the light off as a meteor; the monster as a clump of shrubbery given spooky shape by a boy's over stimulated imagination; the glowing"'eyes as those of an owl. Moreover, ATIC claimed it was making no investigation of the incident. Monster stories would 'have to be expected in view of the temporary excitement generated by the series of sightings in 1952, and ATIC could not give its time to every scare story that hit the papers.
Local investigators were less inclined to kiss-off the incident, and it was later disclosed that despite the claims of ATIC that the story was not of enough value to warrant investigation, a team of plain-clothes investigators, passing themselves off as salesmen, had canvassed the area, asking questions pertinent to the "monster" sighting and not at all pertinent to the product they were peddling. Several persons suspected these salesmen actually were representatives from Army intelligence, working in secret to avoid rousing public panic over the possibility that the Pentagon did lend credence to the story. The allegation has been denied by the Air Force.


fallowing pages by

explosion developed into the strangest experience of his life.

Norman Duke for APRO.

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pervisor, Police Chief Polo Pineda defines as "a good guy," which, among police officers, can cover a lot of ground.
Dr. Lincoln LaPaz, Director of the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, has known Patrolman Zamora for 15 years. His summation: An honest and reliable man.
That sums up the pronouncements of all who know the officer professionally and socially.
What did he experience? At 6: 50 p.m. on the evening of April 24, 1964, Patrolman Zamora, who had been on duty since 2 o'clock that afternoon, was pursuing a speeding motorist along Socorro's South Park Street when he heard a loud roar and saw a flash of blue flame off in the southwest. There was a dynamite shack in that general neighborhood and the officer's first thought was that someone had been fooling around there and had set off an explosion. He headed out toward the flash which took him to a small rockv hill over which there was no road and which required three runs with the car before Zamora could breast the steep incline and start down the other side. To the south of him he could see a white object that, from the distance, 450 feet, appeared to be an overturned car with two figures moving about. Zamora could not make out the figures well; children? small adults? mechanics, possibly, since they seemed to be dressed in white coveralls.


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tracked an unidentified object with theodolite near White Sands. It was in New Mexico that the well known astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, discoverer of Pluto, made his sighting of the unidentified rectangles in· 1949 and dozens of gyrating discs were seen by a retired Army captain in Farm-
.-----i-n-gj:.o. n on March 17, 1950. In July of 1951 a photogra-
pher took 200 feet of film of a UFO spotted near a bomber over White Sands, N.M. The object appeared on radar scope and the developed film showed a round bright spot, but the film has never been released. (The UFO Evidence, NICAP.) There were sightings in 1952; discs changing shape in formation; tracked on radar in 1954 and a more current sighting in which the objects were said to have performed "perfect precise flight maneuvers."
Some of these sightings, witnessed by military men whose training had ·prepared them to recognize natural phenomena and known aircraft, described their sightings in detail with addenda that seemed to preclude the possibility of constellations, weather balloons, experimental Air Force craft or any of the other explanation on which the Air Force fell back when all else failed. At one open session attended by newsmen and by an Air Force public information officer, the two military policemen who had seen an unidentified object drop from the skies to within 50 feet above a bunker on the White Sand missile range said that its bright light blinked out then flared up again "like the sun" as the object came in again toward the ground, then disappeared. "It looked like a completely controlled landing," one of the witnesses said.


mation from the younger Mannor. Horrible or not, it's not often that a southern Michigan
farm community provides Sunday night entertainment of such dramatic proportio'ns, and Mr. Mannor and his son set off after it on the run. When they got there, it was
gone. For four hours, Frank and his son stalked the strange
object over much of the 300 acres of swampland, looking for some smell or trace of the Thing. They found nothing, but much of their search was not conducted alone, and some of what they had seen was corroborated by Dexter police officials and Washtenaw County authorities who had been alerted to the strange sighting through a phone call from Mannor's wife who, while her husband and son pursued the Thing, informed Dexter Village police that there was an "object" in the swamp that looked like a fly-
ing saucer.

Her call brought Police Chief Robert Taylor and Patro1men Nolan Lee and Robert Hunawill and Washtenaw County Deputies Stanley McFadden and David Fitzpatrick.
Deputies McFadden and Fitzpatrick and Chief Taylor and Patrolman Lee arrived in time to see what they described as a reddish light, zipping over the Mannor house and giving off a sound "like an ambulance." Patrolman Hunawill, who waited in. the road in the patrol car, saw ·'a strange lighted object" with red and white lights. He estimated the height at roughly 1000 feet and said it made several sweeps over the swamp before being joined by three other objects and disappearing.


acknowledged the sincerity and honesty of the witnesses:

"But I am not willing to guess what they saw." He juggled

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Dr. H. Allen Hynek (L) confers wii!h Dexter Police Chief Robert Taylor on the numerous sightings.

Some of the 87 coeds at
Hillsdale College who sighted mysterious object outside dormitory window, kept a four hour vigil, taking notes and drawing sketches of the glowing' phenomenon that was later to be dismissed as "marsh gas", by Investigator Hynek.

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FLAP IN MICHIGAN continued

While the controversy was at its peak in Michigan, this photo was released showing what was purported to be a UFO that fiew over Hillsdale County in June of 1965.

Dr. Hynek; asked at news conference to comment on photo of this "fiying saucer," said it looked like a "chicken feeder." Photo was represented as UFO seen over California.
)
the question and finally declined to answer whether the object might have been a "test vehicle." But he was sure neither Mannor nor any _of the other witnesses had been taken in by Michigan University's big radio telescope in the area, an object with which all of them were too familiar to have mistaken for a flying saucer. He was sure there would be some natural explanation "for all of this," but as he proceeded to puzzle it out, there were others in the state who were not so certain.


Frederick E. Davis of the State Police Commission opened an investigation and announced: "I used to discount these reports, too, but now I'm not so sure." And House Republican Leader Gerald R. Ford said he would ask for a Congressional investigation. That such an investigation had not b.een conducted before was attributed to a reluctance on the part of Congress to go ahead for fear it might encourage the idea that sightings are something more than natural or man-made objects. On the other hand, to refuse is to fan the rather widely held belief that the government knows what the objects are, but is covering
up. \i\Thile controversy, skepticism and investigation still
waged around Dexter, the skies were preparing another show, this time for 8 7 coeds in Hillsdale College, several miles to the south and west of Dexter. Here, on the night of March 22, the girls saw a glowing object fly past a dormitory window and hover over a swamp.
The reaction of the original sighters brought other dormitory residents and the assistant dean of women, a calmly efficient executive with seven years experience as a news reporter. She not only joined the girls in their watch, but suggested they take notes, which they did over a four hour period of vigilance. The glowing, football shaped object was said to have wobbled, wavered and glowed and once it flew right at the window, then stopped suddenly.


NoJeading scientist has openly declared the real possibility that Earthmen may be so far down on the evolutionary scale that we might be about as interesting to Outworlders as viruses under a microscope are to an accountant or politician.

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Our egocentric Formula of Existence does not consider the rational probability that long before the Earth came into being large star-systems· had already been in contact with one another, perhaps even linked together in a great federation of worlds. If so, and their "window in time" is a very long one, this federation could still exist, and probably knows all about us. Anything is possible. The Life sciences need less dogmatism and much more imagination.
Just as we can 'only guess at the exact age of the universe, we also cannot discount the possibility that powerful superintelligences far out in space are able to control their environment, their heredity-and therefore their destiny . . . perhaps that of other species as well. Man exercises a great influence over the flora and fauna of his own planetand expects to bring other worlds under his dominion in the same manner. This could be a great mistake; we haven't learned to control the by-products of our rapid world-wide technological breakthrough. The Formula of Existence might well include a new equation showing how many civilizations reaching up the scale of technological supremacy had strangled to death in its own waste-products.


According to the most advanced rules of physics everything we see and know is composed of light waves-electromagnetic energy "frozen" into what we consider solid matter. This matter originally evolved from the condensing clouds of ionized gases in the area surrounding the prototype solar system's gravity field. The atoms of this matter, according to the Steady State theory of creation once held by England's Dr. Fred Hoyle, were "created from nothing" by a force or power whose nature scientists have not even faintly understood.
Man, the still-evolving product of this creative process, considers himself the highest product of evolution-capable of pure reason, free will, and control of his destiny. So far, he has never explained or understood how it was possible for his microscopic antediluvian ancestors to separate themselves from the millions of diverging Life forms in prehistoric seas and "will" themselves into ecological mastery of the planet.
Man, just as every other Life form in the created universe, does not act so much as he is acted upon. The staggering concept of Creation itself remains the real mystery. We can fully expect to meet almost every variety of intelligent Life that our science fiction writers have imagined since the time of Kepler, Jules Verne and H. G. Wells. It is a virtual certainty that this inconceivably vast universe was created not for us alone.


tiators, and many supporters. As Mr. Fuller was drawing to the close of his first-hand
investigation of the incident he encountered more and more people who located the cite of the ·UFOs they had seen as "Just over the high-power lines," or "coming in above the transmission poles." The most vivid account was

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that of a witness who described "a reddish-orange disc (that) emerged apparently from inside the object and began a slow, erratic descent down toward the power lines. As it reached a point within a quarter of a mile of them, it leveled off, then moved over the wires until it reached a point several hundred feet away. It then descended slowly until it was only a few feet above the lines. Then a silvery pipelike object came down from the base of the disc and actually touched the lines, remaining there for a minute or so." (Incident at Exeter).
The coincidence of power-blackouts with UFO sightings had been too numerous over the years for investigators to dismiss the relationship. Many of them had examined the possibility that the UFOs were recharging from earth based power sources. Whatever the ultimate truth is, there are a remarkable number of sightings during the course of which car radios, car motors, TV sets, city lights and, in some instances, entire areas have been effected, to the extent of total blackout.


Anatomy Of A.What'zit

• Unidentified aerial objects can come in many forms, a variety of colors and can maneuver in myriad ways as has been attested to by those who have witnessed the phenomena. A frequently used description is "football-shaped," but this has strong contenders in "two saucers, lip to lip," and "mushroom-shaped." Some are cigar-shaped. Many observers have been impressed by the soundlessness of the craft while others have mentioned buzzing or beeping noises. There has been testimony to windowed craft and to many without apparent openings.
The wide diversity in description has prompted some skeptics to dismiss the lot as figments of the imagination. It has prompted others to point out that not all interplanetary craft need be controlled by the same intelligence, or released on the same mission. And serious students of

UFOs acknowledge that many sightings can indeed be weather balloons, satellites, reflections, constellations and I or commercial or private aircraft.
In the interests of establishing the many shapes, colors and behaviour patterns in which the UFOs may show themselves this magazine has enlisted the services of its Dayton, Ohio, correspondent. He visited the offices of Project Blue Book at ·wright-Patterson Air-Force Base in Dayton, Air Force headquarters for reports on thousands of UFO sightings, under the direction of physicist Major Hector Quintanilla. Here, given access to the nearly 11,000 reports he made a selection of some of the more current sightings that point up the numerous ways in which a UFO may manifest itself. He has included the time and place of the sightings, the type and number of persons who made it,


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Over munitions plant in Rio de Janeiro. Motionless in windy sky, reflecting lights from plant. Took off at high speed. Dec. 91954.
Two unidentified fiying objects (disc shape) in unretouched photo, exposure one minute, over Buenos Aires, July 16, 1965. UPI photo.

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length of time it was observed, and the Air Force comment on the sighting.
Time/place of sighting: August 16, 1966, at about 10: 45 p.m. CDT, of many parts of the north central United States, including North Dakota and Wisconsin. Duration: Undetermined, various. Number of observers: Numerous. Type of observers: Variety including airplane pilots. Number .of objects: One. Observer reliability: Variable. Shape: Various from funnel to moon-shaped to oval to elongated V or boomerang shape. Dimensions: Varying in size from that of a full moon to that of a football field. Color: Blue, green and red, whirling and changing colors, turning to a definite blue-green as object came closer. Also as a hazy green, luminous, bright as the early morning sun and giving off so much light it blinded one observer's eyes. Sound: None Altitude: Appeared to rise up from behind woods, and to be a funnel extending down to the ground.


dirigible or blimp sideways with three pairs of red lights along it.

Dimensions: Size of a dirigible or blimp.

Color: Red lights, like a traffic signal.

Altitude: 100-500 feet.

Speed: About 20 miles an hour.

Sound: None.

Silvery object with pipe-like projections, "like periscopes," was description given of this object by 12-year-old Connecticut boy who took the photo.

Tactics: Six red lights estimated to be about 1200 feet away moving about 20 miles an hour toward the northeast. in a straight line toward hills two miles away. Observers
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thought the objects were going to crash into the hills but they went over instead and disappeared over the horizon.
Comments: The Air Force says outstanding factors in this sighting are very slow speed, the floating sensation, and the extreme closeness, yet lack of sound was reported. A portion of the available data is characteristic of a balloon with scientific payload or some type of large glider. Attempts were made to put either of the two in the area but to no avail. The wind was out of the northwest which also conflicts with an evaluation of a balloon. With the existing data the case is listed as unidentified by the Air Force.


Comment: The Air Force says a check was made and there were no aircraft in the area at the time of the observation. The motion of the objects tends to rule out the possibility of the sighting being a reflection or mirage of ground lights.
The case remains unidentified since no substantial evidence is available that can offer an explanation, the Air Force says.
These sample sightings are representative of reports submitted to Project Blue Book and are similar to those submitted to two of the· most reliable privately operated organizations devoted to the investigation of aqd research on aerial phenomena, NICAP and APRO.
The U.S. Air Force, in a Project Blue Book Special Report released in 19 5 5, concluded that data on hand at that time failed to suggest any marked trend or to add up to any general model of design.

We make no claims for this on,e. It is a deliberate gag, popular sport of photographers. For How-to, see picture story in this issue, pages 42-3.
In the clearly annotated listings provided by NICAP in The UFO Evidence, published by that organization in 1964, one is struck by the similarities that occur in the descriptions of tactics. Viewers mention "hover" often and "wobbling." The majority were impressed by the acceleration of the objects. Such comments as: "disappeared in seconds . . . climbed straight up at terrific speed . . . streaked away . . . shot away at sharp angle," checker the reports of both ground and air witnesses.


nating pattern. When Betty took the glasses, the object

·extent of our vision. And something.that I remembered, after listening to the tapes, is

tice any nose, there just seemed to be two slits that represented the. no_strils,"

passed in front of the moon, in silhouette. It

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Shaken, but finding an irresistible impulse to move closer,'Barney continued across the field, coming within 50 feet of the craft, as it dropped to the height of a single tall tree.'
In the car, Betty waited. Suddenly, she. became aware of Barney's disappearance into the blackness ofthe field. "Barney," she yelled. "Barney, come back! Barney! Do you hear me?"
There was no answer. Outin 'the field, Barney put the binoculars to his eyes~ Behind the clearly structuredwindows, he could see at least half a dozen living figures weari11g black qniforms. They seemed to be bracing therµselves 'against the transparent windqws as the craft tilted down toward him. They were staring directly at him. Betty, now nearly 200Jeet away, was screaming at him from the car, but Barney has no recol- kction of hearing her. On some inaudible signal, every member of the crew but one stepped back from the window toward a large panel a few feet behind the windowline. The remaining one appeared to Barney


DOCTOR: Stay asleep a little longer.... You'll get through this all right. Follow your feelings. Tell me. They won't upset you so much now.
BARNEY: They're there. Isn't that funny-all the woods. That crazy dog. She stays in the car all the time. Isn't that funny?
DOCTOR: She doesn't bark at anything?
BARNEY: She just stays there. I don't understand.

Are we being robbed? I don't know;
DOCTOR: What makes you think you're being robbed?
BARNEY: I know what's in my mind, and I don't want to say it.
DOCTOR: Well, you can say it to me. You can say it now.
BARNEY: They're-men! Ali with dark jackets; And I don't have any money. I don't have anything. I don't know. Oh-oh, the eyes are there. Always the eyes are there. And they're telling me I don't have to be afraid.... I'm no"t even afraid that they're not conilected to a body. They're just there. They're just up close to me, pressing against · my eyes. That's funny. I'm not afraid....
After a few more exchanges:
DOCTOR: All right. We'll stop there. You will be calm and relaxed. You will forget everything that we have had in this period together until I ask you to recall it again. You will forget everything we have talked about until I ask you to recall it again. It will not trouble you, it will not worry you. You will remain comfortable and relaxed and have no pain, no aches, no anxiety. All right, Barney, you may wake up now. You'll be comfortable and relaxed.


DOCTOR: Is there anything else that you think that you haven't told me?
BARNEY: Yes.
DOCTOR: You can tell me now;
BARNEY: I am always thinking of mental pie. tures because my eyes are closed. And I think I
am going up a slight incline, and my feet have stopped bumping on the rocks. That's funny. I thought of my feet bumping on the rocks. And they are not going up smoothly. But I'm afraid to open my eyes, because I am being told strongly by myself to keep my eyes closed, and don't open them. And I don't want to be operated on.
DOCTOR: You don't want to be operated on. What makes you think of an operation?
BARNEY: I don't know.
DOCTOR: Have you ever been operated on?
BARNEY: Only for my tonsils.
DOCTOR: Does this feel like that time?
BARNEY: I think like that, but my eyes are closed, and I only have mental pictures. And I am not in pain. And I can feel a slight feeling. My groin feels cold.
DOCTOR: Is that any feeling with the operation?
BARNEY: I'm not being operated on. I am lying on something, and I think of the doctor putting something in my ear. When I was a boy, the doctor put something in my ear, and I looked up at it, and he explained to me that you could peek into the ear and light it up with this thing. Andl think of that.... And I feel like the doctor did not pain me, and I will be very careful and be very still and will cooperate, and I won't be harmed.


DOCTOR: Were they white men?
BARNEY: I don't know by the color. But they did not seem that they had different faces from white men. . . .
DOCTOR: Did they tell you why they were stop• ping you?
BARNEY: They didn't tell me anything. They didn't say anything.
DOCTOR: Were these men holding you?
BARNEY: They were by my side, and I had a funny feeling because I knew they were holding me, but I couldn't feel them.... I felt floating, suspended.... I opened my eyes.
DOCTOR: What did you see?
BARNEY: I saw a hospital operating room. It was pale blue. Sky blue. And I closed my eyes.
DOCTOR: Do you remember the operating room when you had your tonsils out? ... Was that op• erating room in the hospital blue?
BARNEY: No. It was bright lights.... But this room was not like that. It was spotless.
DOCTOR: Did you feel you were going to be operated on?
BARNEY: No.
DOCTOR: Did you feel you were being attacked in any way?
BARNEY: No.
DOCTOR: You said your groin felt cold. : : :
BARNEY: I was lying on a table, and I thought someone was putting a cup around my groin, and then it stopped. And then I thought: How funny. . . . If I keep real quiet and real still, I won't be harmed. And it will be over. And I will just stay here and pretend that I am anywhere and think of God and think ofJesus, and think that I am not afraid. And I am getting off the table, and I've got a big grin on my face, and I feel greatly relieved. And I am walking, and I am being guided. And my eyes are closed, and I open my


The men took them both from the car, she said. " ... And I turn around, and I say: 'Barney! Wake up!' ... And he doesn't pay any attention. He keeps walking."
One of the men walking beside Betty said: "Don't be afraid. We're not going to harm you."
DOCTOR: These men spoke good English? BETTY: Only one spoke.... He had sort of a foreign accent.... We kept walking, and we

BY JOHN G. FULLER
came to a clearing.... The object was on the ground .... I think it was the same one I had been watching in the sky.... And they're taking me up to the object. I didn't want to go on it. The man beside me says to go on.... So he and one of the others each take my arms .... I go inside, and there's a corridor. We go up the corridor, and there's a room.... I turn around, and I'm waiting for them to bring Barney in. But they lead Barney right past the door where I'm standing. I said: What are you doing with Barney? Bring him in here where I am. And the man said: No, we only have equipment enough in one room to do one person at a time. And if we took you both in the same room, it would take too long.... Another man comes in.... I think he's a doctor.... They push up the sleeve of my dress, and they look at my arm ... and then they turn my arm over, and they look at the underside.... And they rub, they have a machine ... it's something like a microscope, only a microscope with a big lens. ... I had an idea they were taking a picture of my skin.... And then they took something like a letter opener-only it wasn't-and they scraped my arm.... And there was like little -you know-how your skin gets dry and flaky sometimes, like little particles of skin? And they took a piece of cellophane or plastic or


continued

COPYRIGHT@ 1966 BY JOHN G. FULLER. ADAPTED FROM THE FORTHCOMING BOOK, "THE INTERRUPTED JOURNEY," TO BE PUBLISHED BY THE DIAL PRESS, INC,

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FLYING SAUCER continued

"They" seem puzzled
by time and aging

something like that, and they scraped, and they put the flakes on this plastic. ... And the leader of the group puts it in the top drawer. And then they put my head ... in this thing that holds your head.... And the examiner opens my eyes and looks into them with a light, and he opens my mouth, and he looks in my throat and my teeth and in my ears.... And then he takes like a-oh, a swab-and he puts it in my left ear, and he puts this on another piece of this material. And the leader rolls it all up and puts it in the top drawer too. Then they take a couple ofstrands of my hair, and they pull it out, and he gives this to the leader, and he wraps that up and puts that in the top drawer. ... And then he feels my neck, behind my ears, under my chin, around my collar bone, and -oh-and then they take off my shoes and look at my feet and at my hands.... And he takes something, and he goes underneath my fingernail, and then he ... cut off a piece of my fingernail. And then the doctor, the examiner, tells me to take off my dress ... and so I slip my dress off. ... I lie down on the table, on my back, and he brings over this-oh, how can I describe it? They' re like needles, a whole cluster of needles, and each needle has a wire going from it.... They touch me with the needles.... It doesn't hurt at all. ... He puts it on my knee, and my leg jumps. And then on my foot too. He did it around my ankle. And then they have me roll over on my stomach and they touch all along my back.... Then they roll me over on my back, and the examiner had a long needle in his hand.... And I ask him what he's going to do with it ... and he said he just wants to put it in my navel, it's justa simple test. And I tell him, no, it will hurt, don't do it, don't do it. And I'm crying, and I'm telling him: It's hurting, it's hurting, take it out, take it out! And the leader comes over, and he puts his hand, rubs his hand in front of my eyes, and he says it will be all right, I won't feel it.... The pain goes away. But I'm sore from where they put that needle.


DOCTOR: Did it look like any language that you know or was it in English?
BETTY: No, it wasn't in English.
DOCTOR: What language do you know that goes up and down?
BETTY: I don't know it, but I can recognize it. I can't read it: Japanese.
DOCTOR: Japanese. Did this look like Japanese?
BETTY: No.
DOCTOR: Was it writing or printing?
BETTY: It was different ... it had sharp lines, and they were, some were very thin, and some were medium, and some were very heavy. It had some dots. It had straight lines and curved lines. And the leader laughed, and he asked me if I thought I could read it. And I told him no ... but this was going to be my proof that this happened.... And so he said that I could have it.... And I was delighted.... And so then I said ... I knew he wasn't from the earth, and I wanted to know where he did come from. And he asked me if I knew any-

thing about the universe. And I told him, no, I know practically nothing.... And he went across the room and pulled out a map, and he asks me had I ever seen a map like this before.... There were all these dots on it, scattered all over it. Some were little, just pinpoints. And others were as big as a nickle. And there were lines ... going from one dot to another. And there was one big circle, and it had a lot of lines coming out from it. A lot of lines going to another circle quite close, but not as big. And these were heavy lines. . And I asked him what they meant. And he said that the heavy lines were trade routes. The other lines, the solid lines, were places they went occasionally. And he said the broken lines were expeditions.... I asked him where was his home port, and he said: Where are you on the map? I looked and laughed and said I don't know. So he said: If you don't know where you are, then there isn't any point of my telling where I am from. And he put the map away.... And I thought: Well, I still have the book.... All of a sudden, some men came in with the examiner. They are quite excited.... The examiner has me open my mouth, and he starts checking my teeth. And he tugs at them. I asked what they are trying to do. ... The examiner says they could not figure it out-Barney's teeth came out and mine didn't. I was really laughing and said Barney had dentures, and I didn't. They asked me: What are dentures? And I said people as they got older lost their teeth. They go to a dentist and get dentures. Or a person sometimes-Barney had to have dentures because he had a mouth injury. He had to have his teeth extracted.... I said it happens to almost everyone as they get older. And he said: What is older? I said: Old age. So he said: What is old


age? And I said-well it varied, but as a person
gets older, there are changes in him, particularly
physical. He begins to sort of break down with age. So he said, what did I mean by age? And I
said the life span-the length of time people live. He said, how long was this? And I said, well,
about 100 years at the most. People can die be-
fore that-most of them do.... I think the average length of time ... I don't know ... was 65 or 70. So he said, 65 or 70 what? I said: Years. He said: What is a year? And I said it had to do with
how many days, and the days had so many hours,

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and the hours had so many minutes .... I tried to explain, but he did not understand .... I said, all these things you ask me-I am a very limited person, when trying to talk to you. But there are other people in this country who would be most happy to talk with him, and they could answer all his questions. And maybe if he could come back, all his questions would have answers. But if he did, I wouldn't know where to meet him. And he laughed and said: Don't worry, if we decide to come back, we will be able to find you.We always find those we want to .... And then Barney is coming.... I hear the men out in the corridor. Anc,l I said: Barney's coming. And he said: Yes, you can go back to the car now. And I got the book, and Barney is coming ... and his eyes are still shut! He missed an awful lot.... And then we are out in the corridor.... I am all ready to go down the ramp when some of the other mennot the leader, but some of the others-are talking. They are very excited. And then the leader comes over and takes my book. And I say-ohhI'm furious. And I said: You promised tha:tI could have the book! And he said: I know, but the others object. But, I said, this is my proof. And he said: That is the whole point. They don't want you to know what has happened. They want you to forget....


Now, she speaks as if talking to the leader. She screams with intense emotion.
I won't forget about it! You can take the book, but you can never, never make me forget! ... I'll remember it if it is the last thing I do! And he laughs and says: Maybe you will remember. But I hope you won't. And it won't do you any good ifyou do, because Barney won't.... It would be better if you forgot it anyway. I was standing there by the side of the ramp, and I'm not so mad now. They have taken Barney ahead.... I said: I do wish I could have some proof of this, because it is the most unbelievable thing that ever happened. We were walking and . . . he said: I am going to leave you here.... And he said he was sorry that I was badly frightened in the beginning. And I said, well, this has been a new experience, and I don't know what was happening. But I certainly wasn't afraid now. And then they all turned around and started to go back. And I get up to the car, and Barney is inside. Barney is still in a daze, but his eyes are open, and he is acting more normally now.... And the object starts glowing again-it is getting brighter and brighter. ... Now, it rises and goes down, and there is a dip, and then-zoom-it keeps going away farther and farther. ... And Barney starts the car, and we start to ride. And I'm just so happy, and I said: Well, Barney, now try to tell me that you don't believe in flying saucers. And Barney said: Oh, don't be ridiculous! And I think he is joking. But then, all of a sudden, we got this beep-beepbeep-beep-beep on the trunk of the car again.


DOCTOR: This is the second time you are getting the beep?
BETTY: Yes. And I said: Well, I guess that is their farewell. They are off, wherever they are going. And I don't know, it is just so fantastic I suppose we should forget all about it.... I kept looking all the way home.... I think I wanted to forget about it. I might as well. What could I do about it? But I wonder if they ever will come back. I go around looking for them ....

DOCTOR: Why would you want to keep it a secret?
BETTY: Because I wanted to please the leader, because he told me to forget about it.
DOCTOR: Why did you want to please this leader so much?
BETTY: I don't know....
At the conclusion of Betty's story, the doctor brought Barney in and put him under hypnosis to check his account against Betty's version. In trance, Barney is now aboard the craft.
BARNEY: ... I was afraid to open my eyes. I had been told not to open my eyes, and it would be over with quickly. But occasionally, I peeked. And I could feel them examining me with their hands .... They looked at my back, and I could feel them touching my skin right down my back. As if they were counting my spinal column. And I felt something touch right at the base of my spine.... And my mouth was opened, and I could feel two fingers pulling it back. And then ... something scratched very lightly, like a stick, against my left arm. Only one man seemed to be moving around my body all the time. Then my shoes were put back on, and I stepped down. And I think I felt very good because I knew it was over. And again, I was led to the door where my feet kicked against this thing at the very bottom of the door, like a high doorjamb. And I stepped over it, and ... I went_down and opened my eyes and kept walking. And I saw my car, and the lights were out.... And I couldn't understand. I had not turned off the lights. I got in and felt for Delsey, the dog.... And Betty was coming down the road·....


If Dr. Simon's assumptions were correct, then the question of how Betty's dreams were absorbed by Barney would have to be carefully examined.

AT THE NEXT SESSION, March 21, 1964, the doctor talked with Barney on a conscious level before putting him into a trance. Barney told the doctor that for

the first time in his life he had dreamed

about UFOs, on three different nights during the

past week. In the dreams, Barney was standing on

the ground, looking at UFOs in the sky, and Betty

was screaming about them.

·

DOCTOR: Betty had been troubled with dreams and nightmares?

Now, in trance. ...

BARNEY: Yes .... She said that she had a dream, and that she had been taken aboard a UFO. And that I was also in her dream and was taken aboard.

DOCTOR: How did she tell you this?

BARNEY: Usually, when someone was visiting. ... She would tell that she had gone into the UFO and talked to the people on board. And she was told that she would forget. And she told these people in the UFO that she would not forget. And I told her they were only dreams, and that I can't believe that, whatever these things are. But she says no. That somehow she feels there is a connection between these dreams and what happened. Because she has never dreamed of UFOs before. And she would tell that they stuck something in her navel. And she was not telling this to me, but I would be listening as she told this to Walter Webb, scientific adviser to the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, as she told about the UFO sighting that we had had....


Barney was full ofdoubts and confusion as the recall of the sessions with Dr. Simon began to flood back to him. He revealed this on the morning of March 28.
BARNEY: I just can't seem to believe-well, I'm just flabbergasted ....
DOCTOR: Flabbergasted about what?
BARNEY: At what I remembered from our sessions last week ... This business of seeing a UFO, an object, and personal contact with it seems to stretch my imagination as to the incredibility of the whole thing. I wanted to ask you: What are the elements, what are the chances of a person, uh, hallucinating something? I want to know the answers to these things.... I had never dreamed consciously of a UFO in my life until here recently. And I wanted to ask: Is it possible I could have dreamed of a UFO unconsciously and not have had-To clarify what I am saying: I have had many dreams over many periods of times of my life, and in many instances, I can't recall what I dreamed about. But I do know that it was along a certain particular line. Ifl had dreamed of being in Philadelphia, I would waken and forget the dream. But I would know that somehow that dream content was somewhere in Philadelphia, and I would not be totally unaware. But I had never, to my knowledge, dreamed of a UFO until recently.... Could I, after 1961, have dreamed of a UFO and then under hypnosis my dream is coming out?


DOCTOR: You're asking me could it have been a dream. . . . What do you think? Could it have been?
BARNEY: Well, now, in the truthful answer, try-

ing now to not conceal my feelings of being ridiculed, I would say it was something that happened. But I - I - I put a protective coating on myself, because I don't want to be ridiculed.... I knew I saw a large object. I knew this, but I didn't think much of it.
DOCTOR: Well, you were pretty well convinced of having sighted something. But you have some doubts in mind about the rest. Of whether it was reality, or dream, or what it was.... Then, why would you and Betty have the same experience? Could you give me some possible explanation there?
BARNEY: Uh, these are the questions I'm asking; Could she have influenced me?
DOCTOR: Well, you were always afraid she would influence you, weren't you?
BARNEY: ... When I was standing out there, I knew she wasn't influencing me. What I was thinking is that I would rather not talk about it. Okay, we see something, now let's get in our car and drive about our business. And this irritated me when-she kept saying: But look, it's right over there. And even as I would slow down to take a peek, I would see this object out there. And this greatly irritated me. And so I said: What are you trying to do? Make me see something that isn't there? Knowing that it was there, and not wanting it to be there. And I think this is a part of why I'm confused....


"I only got a very brief glance at the room, through the door. The room was pie-shaped, but as if the point of the pie had been cut off. ...
"The main thing I was impressed by was the table that I was to lie on, because it was so much shorter than anything that would ordinarily hold a human being. So that when I got on the table, my legs dangled over the end."
Inconsistencies and paradoxes were reexamined as the playback sessions continued over the next several weeks.
The Hills retraced the route of the journey with Walter Webb, filling in further details, and were convinced that they had found the exact spot of the roadblock on a side road two or three miles east of Route 3.
The final session in which hypnosis was employed seemed to sum up the dilemma that had carried through the entire six months. Was the
experience dream or reality? In a sense, among the principals, there were
three points of view. Dr. Simon felt he could accept the probability that the Hills had had an experience with an unusual aerial phenomenon, a sighting that stimulated an intense emotional reaction. He felt that the "abduction" itself was improbable. Betty felt that the hypnosis had demonstrated marked evidence that her dreams were a reflection and remembrance of reality. Barney vacillated between these points of view, although his ultimate conclusion was that he could not distinguish between other known reality and the sequence of events that finally came out under hypnosis. In other words, once the amnesia was overcome, he could sense no difference between what he remembered consciously and what he recalled revealed under hypnosis: The entire journey had been a complete, uninterrupted continuum, including the "abduction" sequence.