or the incident that played so big a part in it. Both the doctor and Mr. and Mrs. Hill regretted that it would be impractical to continue into deeper therapy over the long period of time that would be necessary.
As the sessions drew to a close, the question of illusion or reality dominated the discussions. The doctor pointed out that he was not going to say it was either; that he and the Hills together would both have to continue to reason for the
truth, but that ultimately, the acceptance or nonacceptance of the occurrence would have to rest with them.
From the long and intensive exploration of the case, however, certain nearly irrefutable points emerge:
1. A sighting ofsome sort took place. 2. The object sighted appeared to have been a craft. 3. The sighting caused a severe emotional reaction. 4. The anxiety and apprehension engendered by Barney Hill's racial sensitivity served to intensih the emotional response to the sighting. 5. The Hills had no ulterior motives to crectte such a story. They had confined their experience to a small group ofpeople for four years. 6. The case was investigated by several technicctl and scientific persons who support the possibility ofthe reality ofthe experience. 7. There is a measurable amount of direct physical .circumstantial evidence to support the validity ofthe experience. 8._ Under hypnosis by a qualified psychiatrist, both the Hills told almost identical stories of what had taken place during the period ofamnesia. There are no final answers. Barney and Betty Hill are not crusading to convert nonbelievers or skeptics into the acceptance of the phenomenon, although they are hopeful that some new evidence might come to light to clarify without question the strange circumstances of their experience. They are content now to let whatever facts that have come out of their story speak for themselves. But as Tennyson has said: "Maybe wildest dreams are but the needful preludes of the truth.''


So war es auch, als die Serie von Himmelserscheinungen letzte Woche nach Europa i.ibergriff. Die Hamburner Hausfrau Elisabeth Kuhne. 76. hatte-als erste friihmorgens um sechs Uhr ,.das Ding" wahrgenommen: .,Ein Feuerball. halb so gro3 wie der Mond, mit einem Schweif aus vielen Tausend Sternen ..."
Ein Wetterballon, so erfuhren die Anrufer bei der Hamburger Sternwarte. war in l 0 000 Meter Hohe, eine gepfatz· te Ballonhiille als Schweif hinter sich herziehend. mutmal31ich- aus der Sowjet-Union heri.ibergekommen. Er spie-
P8 ~ij8g66~tf{flfib~010003-8

... Ka:->: knipsen. wolfen. :· zu den e· haupt. i\' lifizierte: sive opt• Verarbei:
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I11
! 2000 ~ ! Spald1

DER SPIEGEL. Nr. 4411973
.2 9 .:?ck~ /9 -;? 'j__

He believes 'flyin~ saucers are "modern

2eas
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Cambridge, Mass.

Page 1

U.S. AIR FORCE TECHNICAL INFORMATION
This questionnaire has been prepared so that you can give the U.S. Air Force as much information as possible concerning the unidentified aerial phenomenon that you have observed. Please try to answer as many questions as you possibly can. The information that you give will be used for research purposes. Your name will not be used in connection with any statements, conclusions, or publications without your permission. We request this personal information so that if it is deem.ed necessary, we may contact you for further details.


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..
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i. Conduct authorized liaison with other components of govern-ment in the ARTICHOKE field and arrange for liaison responsibility through the Agency component having the most pertinent interest in new projects or activities in other departments having bearing on the overall. ARTICHOKE project.
7. It should be recogni3ed that there are many facets of pos-
sible ARI'ICHOKE interest which have never been adequately explored from the standpoint operational ARTICHOKE use. TSS and the. Hedical Division vd.11', be expected, from the fra.."'!lework of their capabilities;, to conduct the basic research as to whether or not such elements have any possible application to operational use for ARTICHOKE purposes. The introduction of new ideas and new techniques are the responsibili1 of all components concerned and should be presented by ea.ch component with as much background material as is possible. In this capacity the Security Office will maintain contact and liaison with scientif:i.c and technical specialist.s in these fields for the basic developn10nt oj ideas and the suggestions of new means for possible use in ARTICHOKE. Such action will be conducted in full coordination with the other interested components to insure that there is no duplicatian of effort


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research of a basic and operational nature determined by Ch::Le:
Medical Staff, as appropriate and necessary within the scopt~ ~ his facilities in support of this project. In addition, Ch.le: Medical Staff, will conduct research and furnish operational support in response ta requests by the Security Office and Yithin the limits of facilities available to the Medical Sta.f= ·Requests by the Securlty Office Yi.11 consis~ of' specific
.elen1ents. of research,naterials and personnel in support of
opers.tional use of Project ARTICHOKE. The Chief, Medical Sta: \fill provide medical support for ARTICHOKE field tea.ms. b. TSS will conduct, within lindtations of their facilities, .research in the basic fields of' scie,nce·in support of this project. In addition, TSS ~'ill conduct, within limitations of their facilities, specific research, other than medical, requested by the Security Office in support of opere.tional aspects of Project ARTICHOKE. c. Liaison \olith the Research and Developnent Board in support of this Project will be the responsibility of TSS under an arrangement already effected by TSS. d. Responsibility for evaluation of :foreign intelligence as:pects oi Project ARTICHOKE will remain with OSI. <~. Security Office v-111 conduct liaison with the Service components concerned in this proble~ and L~ relation to operational aspects of Project ARTICHOKE •


Title: ENHANCE EMPLOYEES AWARENESS OF EAP AND DEVELOP AN ORDERLY EXPANSION OF THE PROGRAM RESOURCES
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ENHANCE EMPLOYEES AWARENESS OF EAP AND DEVELOP AN ORDERLY EXPANSION OF THE PROGRAM RESOURCES
OUR GOAL is to provide an effective mental health service to the Agency population in the area of work-related problems, relationship problems, marital problems, family issues, personal problems, learning disabilities, single living information, vocational concerns, spouse abuse, and eating disorders. The purpose of this service is to promote and assist in the well-being and performance of the Agency's employees. OUR OBJECTIVES are to increase employees' awareness of the Program and develop an orderly expansion of the Program's resources and capabilities. Along with meeting these objectives, it is essential that the quality of the EAP service and its personal caring nature be maintained. All objectives for the past quarter were met successfully. Our brochures were distributed on an all-employee basis. We included brochures with each pay slip. Posters are displayed in all buildings and tent cards were placed in the cafeterias and lunchrooms for two weeks in Headquarters and other buildings. Our resource file is enhanced almost daily and, when time has permitted, visitation to referral agencies and to mental health


process and decide on the next step(s).

These support groups provide an example of the EAP's efforts to

catch and deal with personal problems before extensive harm is

done at work and in personal relationships.

In April, along with the Clinical Activities Division, we have

engaged

to discuss "The Use of Hypnosis in

~~~~~~~~~~

Medicine;" particularly, as it pertains to weight reduction and

cessation of smoking. The presentation will be in the

Auditorium. At the end of the lecture, sign-up sheets for

people interested in self-hypnosis workshops on Weight Reduction

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and Smoking Cessation will be circulated; subsequently two programs will be organized and established. We are also planning on presenting relevant movies during lunch-time for employees. The enclosed graph will give you an idea of the kinds of cases and caseloads with which we are dealing. Over 225 people have been seen since the program started; the average is five visits each. The heaviest load is in marital therapy; however, several other areas of assistance are well represented. Case examples are given. At all times I have the capable resources of the Clinical Activities Division and work closely with them. The EAP has Clinical Activities Division psychologists and psychiatrists available for consultation.


,.,contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is probibi ted by law.
This is a Department of Defense Intelligence DocLm1ent prepared by the Medical Intelligence Office, Office of The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, and approved by the Directorate for Scientific and Technicnl Intelligence of the Defense Intelligence Agency.
Classified by Chief, HlO, OTSG EXEMPT FROM GE.lrnRAL DECLASSIFICATION
SCHEDULE OF EXLCUTIVE ORDER 11652 EXCMPTION CATEGORY 3 DECLASSIFY 0'.II 31 DE.CE}E'.iER 1990
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SECITT

ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972

PREFACE

(S/NFD) This report summarizes the information available on Soviet research on human vulnerability as it relates to incapacitating individuals or small groups. The information contained in this study is a review and evaluation of Soviet research in the field of revolutionary methods of influencing human behavior and is intended as an aid in the development of countermeasures for the protection of US or allied personnel. Due to the nature of the Soviet research in the area of reorientation or incapacitation of human behavior, this report emphasizes the individual as opposed to groups.


PART B - Events in the Soviet Union
1. (C) The use of psychiatric detention to silence political
dissenters appears to be a method being utilized by the Soviet Union. There is extensive documention from "samizdat" (selfpublished) sources in the Soviet Union, notably "A Question of Madness" by Soviet geneticist Zhores Medvedev, excerpts from which were published in the Sunday New York Times Magazine of November 7, 1971 (5). British Sovietologist Peter Reddaway asserts that the nusber of such political detainees in the USSR has grown sharply in the last two years, perhaps to several htmdred (6). Peter Reddaway has published several articles that give brief accounts of several political detainees as well as publishing letters received from the Soviet underground (7 ,8,9).
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2, (C/NFD) On the surface, the fact that the Soviet Union has been subjecting political dissenters to psychiatric institutions may not appear relevant to this report. However, as one probes . into this area, he discovers that the medical and physical treatment of these prisoners borders on the subject of controlled offensiv~ behavior. Since the techniques are reportedly being applied to Soviet citizens, it is simple enough, as the researchers gain knowledge and expertise in this area, to assume that alien personnel could someday be subjected to it as well.


3. (U) From the many reports, some coming from the Soviet Union underground press, the article that best relates some of the medical and physical treatment to political detainees is discussed below (10). The article was written about Vladimir Bukovsky who is frequently quoted in the feature story. Bukovsky has spent s:tx of his 27 years in Soviet prisons, asylums and labor camps. (On January 5, 1972, Bukovsky was sentenced to a 12-year confinement to include prison, hard labor camp, and internal exile.) In 1962, ·' Bukovsky organized· an illegal exhibition of paintings by abstract artists not approved by state censors. In Hay 1963, Bukovsky was· arrested by the KGB. He was declared insane by the Serbsky Psychiatric Institute. That December, he was transferred to a prison asylum in Leningrad (name not mentioned) where he spent, in his own words, "15 months of hell." "There were about 1,000 men in the asylum, political prisoners and insane murderers," says Bukovsky. "The sick .raved, the healthy suffered." Doctors were technically in charge of the inmates, but the real masters were brutal turnkeys and prisoner trustees. "Only the crafty survived, you had to be nice to the guards .... you had to bribe them. Othenvise, thev can beat you until you are nearly dead and tell the doctors you misbehaved. Or they could recommend medical punishment."


<;111-< ,~

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Roil
_,.

5. (U) A thousand-word telegram by Andrei D. Sakhaiov to Colonel
Nikolai A. Shchelokov, Minister of the Interior, relates further infonnation on the use of drugs to alter mental behavior (11). Sakhaiov, a physicist and civil-rights champion, charged that a violation of human rights and medical ethics is occurring in the Soviet Union. The contention is that drugs are being administered forcibly to inmates in an effort to have them change their political beliefs. In addition, some prisoners are threatened with the possible use of electrical-shock "therapy." According to Sakhaiov, medicine, ! one of the most humane of the professions, is thus being turned into a servile handmaiden of the regimes correction agencies. It is further reported that with the help of medicine, an attempt is being made to make people literally lose their minds by chemical and physical means if they refuse to adapt their mind to the standards of the regime.

6 •· (U) One of the few references that mention a drug by name is a London Times feature by Richard Pres ton (12). In several cases, Soviet authorities forced political prisoners to submit to the use of mind-bending drugs, specifically aminazine and . haloperidol. A1-ninazine is the Soviet brand of a phenothiazine derivative known as chlorpromazine. Haloperidol is a butyrophenone. Both drugs are in the tranquilizer class of therapeutic agents. An excellent discussion on both of these drugs has been prepared by Goodman and Gilman (13).


12. (U) The possible use of drugs by Soviet psychiatrists in order to manipulate behavior can be emphasized by an account from Vladimir Gershuni, a Soviet idealist. The event that follows occurred at the Oryol Hospital which is some 170 miles
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ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972
southwest bf Moscow. Hr. Gershuni.gives a description of the conditions in which mental patients (both genuine and political) are held. "Eight people to a 16 or 17 meter cell •••• (Comment: This seems large enough for eight people if figure is correct.) There is no room to move •. One is allowed to go along the corridor, but only if it's absolutely necessary - to the toilet, or to get some food from the nurse. • • . The toilet is a cesspit: four holes in the ground· and two taps for 54 people. • • • From 7 to 8:30 in the evening we're allowed to use the dining room for writing letters, or to play dominoes and chess. The bedlam is indescribable." Mr. Gershuni talks about the use of drugs, one of which is aminazine, a powerful substance, administered orally or by intramuscular injections, which causes depressive shock reactions and frequently malignant tumors. Sometimes drugs are given as


a fonn of punishment. "Any phrase.spoken incautiously to a doctor
or nurse can serve as a pretext for a series of aminazine injections. Sometimes these injections are prescribed without any pretext, simply because of some doctor's whim .•. without any medical examination. • • . This medicine makes me feel more horrible than anything I've ever experienced before; you no sooner lie down than you want to get up, you no sooner take a step than you're longing to sit down, and if you sit down, you want to walk again - ·and there 1 s nowhere to walk. 11 Mr. Gershuni finishes his account by describing the fate of a young man, once brilliantly "alive and alert," who as a result of repeated doses of aminazine, "and God only knows what else, 11 had been reduced to a v= ~e tab le: "his head on one side, his speech languid and indistinct, his eyes glazed." "He was thus," concludes Mr. Gershuni, "cancelled out for five whole months. Hail to Soviet 'special psychiatry'! I kiss you all."
13. (C) To belabor this subject of political detention is not the intention of this section. However, it is believed to be of sufficient importance that this much material had to be presented. It is difficult to judge the overall validity of much of the referenced material because of its source (primarily samizdat and letters), but if true, it bears watching and possible investigation for future developments. Portions of this ma.terial contain sufficient data on human n:ental manipulation and therefore warrants surveilance by interested agencies. From the information available at this time, it appears that the Soviet Union stresses physical and medical "treatment" of its political detainees under the guise of psychiatric-care rehabilitation. No data is available· on the use of sound, lights, or hypnosis as m2thods of obtaining confessions or reorientating the beliefs of these prisoners. For a listing of persomH:~l .:md institutes involved in politicalpsychiatric care, see Ap;)CfHiix I. ::.::;ny personalities involved


Snezhnevskiy continues his argument by listing the meuibers of a US mission that toured Soviet psychiatric facilities. The mission says in its conclusion .•.. "It appears that the Soviets are leading."
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CONFIIfNTIAL

ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972

The US guests stressed the high degree of effectiveness of the

Soviet psychiatric first aid centers, and the better quality of

their staffs compared with US centers. The US delegation did

visit the Serbsky Institute. As for compulsory treatment, the

mission stated ,

"It is possible that people who need

treatment shouldbe compulsorily hospitalized for their own good."

4. (U) Snezhnevskiy, in another document (33), said that when mentioning '1brainwashing" many absurd allegations have been made, such as the talk of injecting a substance which paralyzes a person's will. Snezhnevskiy contends that "brainwashing," from a scientific point of view, is absurd. He further believes that the people dedicated to this sort of propaganda have very few scruples and direct the propaganda to laymen who know nothing about medicine. Interviews with Snezhnevskiy and Lebeden, chief of psychiatry at the Pavlov hospital in Leningrad, were obtained just prior to ,I the Fifth World Psychiatric Congress in Mexic.o City which was held in early December 1971 (34).


5. . (U) The literature from Soviet authorities denying the maltreatment of detainees or other charges does not mention any of the more celebrated prisoners with the exception of Zhores Medvedev who was released after a very short stay. One can draw some obvious . conjectures based on the avoidance of such personalities as Gershuni, Grigorenko, Bukovsky, Fainberg, and Borisov in the Soviet statements. The issue of inhumane treatment is usually responded to with the
use of platitudes and counter-propaganda. If the Soviets have nothing to conceal, then it would seem that one could l~:..pect more scientific and concrete responses as to the actual situation in
political detention and behavior manipulation with drugs.

SECTION III - SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY

PART A - A General Review

1. (C/CD/NDA) The past fifteen years have witnessed a definite acceleration of growth in Soviet psychology (35). It has been observed by some American psychologists that an upward trend in the quality and quantity of Soviet published research began around the middle of the 19SO's. Research designs improved, greater experimental controls were employed, and the level of so?histication in laboratory techniques started to rise perceptibly. Many new people are entering into the area of psychology and the increase has been (1966) as much as a factor of 2,3, or 4 (36). According to this source (36), Soviet


9
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ST-CS-01-169-72 ;July 1972
psychology is in a growth stage which appears to have sprung up coincident to the man-in-space program. Contrary to the reference above (36) , this source . (36) believes that despite the growth and acceptance by the Soviet scientific community, the Soviets are merely duplicating or extending to some degree the research that is already known. In the opinion of this source, there is definitely a tie-in between the Soviet engineers, psychiatrists and psychologists. It must be remembered that the Soviets are presently in a growth stage and, therefore, are merely making their investments at this time. According to this source, once they have reached the level off period then this coordination of the disciplines will pay off handsomely in returns to the Soviet psychological society. The source believes that in the area of human engi.neering the Soviets are moving very rapidly and at least in many respects are close to US· levels. In behavior studies, the Soviets are stagnant. They lean too heavily on the conditional response approach of Pavlov. In the neurosensory areas, source believes that the Soviets are cdnsiderably behind the US and accept the US as the leader in this field.


6. (U) The task of psychiatric institutes is to deal with the educational matters of students, and physicians specializing in psychiatry. This work is conducted in the form of seminars and in the form of continuous education. The psychiatric research institutes are connected with psychiatric hospitals, departments and.dispensaries in advancing psychiatric work and the organizing of psychiatric service. Great attention is devoted to health education in the USSR. A great network.of institutions devoted to health instruction exist. They are affiliated with many groups which dispense health advice. Included in the general health education is also education concerning mental health. There are 360 health institutes in the USSR which are devoted to teaching health. The Central Institute for Health Education.in Moscow is engaged in research in the field of health education, education of experts, training in t'.ie methodology, of health education and organizing health.training. This Institute employs a method of providing health education for schools, students of medicine, for workers in industry and hospitals. There is also cooperation with physicians concerning public health and seminars are held where practical matters are discussed. There is also a functional connection with health agencies so that officials of these agencies cooperate with the Institute and attend seminars. These health agencies also receive support from the Institute in the fonn of trained help and literature which the Institute publishes through its own printing outlets. Tahle I depicts the instructional requirements for psychiatric specialization. These figures were prepared by Persic. Table II illustrates statistics on the number of neurologists and psychiatrists in the USSR in 1962 (Persic) and 1967. The 196 7 data was compiled by Fry (lf0). Fry, in. his report, combined neurologists arid psychiatrists into one figure.


4. (U) Two further reports from the Soviets have appeared recently. One report (43) discusses the role of medicine and military medical personnel in the psychoprophylaxis in morale-psychological preparation. A 1970 report by Stolyarenko (L14) reinforces the thoughts of Tyurnev. From the above discussion and a thorough perusal of the documents referenced in this section, it could be stated: if the Soviets practice what they preach, the psychological training of Soviet troops is as good as or better than t:S soldiers. This does not include the '.Special training afforded to US pilots on anti-interrogation methods.

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ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972

I

SECTION IV - PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENA/PSYCHOLOGICAL WEAPONS
(S/NFD) One of the purposes of this report is to evaluate research in the field of influencing human behavior in order that the US may be in a position to develop certain countermeasures. Therefore, before beginning specific sections in this report on Soviet research, it is desirable to review some of the more feasible 9reas of exploitation in the development of a technique that might alter human behavior. Some of these characteristics will be studied in depth in later sections of this study.


15
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ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972
·PART A - Temperature
1. (U) An increase in body temperature decreases the body water level and creates a salt-water imbalance. With a large intake of water, but little replacement of sodium chloride, painful spasms of the skeletal and abdominal muscles may develop as may also faintness, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. With an internal temperature above 41 degrees C or below 31 degrees C, brain function is usually impaired. Irreversible damage to the skin occurs at about 44-45 degrees C (46,47).
2. (U) The sensitivity and tolerance for temperature changes is different for certain races. Negroes have a greater tolerance for humid heat than Caucasians, and conversely, Negroes are · more susceptible to injury from cold stress than Caucasians.
3. (C/NFD) It is believed that the use of temperature manipulation as. a technique to influence human behavior is practical. In order to be effective it would seem necessary to apply this technique to individuals or small groups that are already under one's influence such as prisoners of war. The application of unnat11..ral temperature in field situations appear to be most difficult. Further, there appears to be very little applicable research in the USSR in this area other than some isolated work in the areospace field. It 1nay be concluded that temperature fluctuations could be used for altering human behavior, but would probably not be as useful as other available methods.


may have potential use as a technique for altering ht..nnan behavior.

Soviet Union and other foreign literature sources contain over 500

studies devoted to the biological effect of SHF. Lethal and non-lethal

aspects have been shown to exist. In certain non-lethal exposures,

definite behavioral changes have occurred. There also appears

.

to be a change in mammals, when exposed to SHF, in the sensitivity

to sound, light, and olfactory stimuli (55).

\t

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OJNFIIINTIAL
ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 2. (C/NFD) Because of the possible behavioral changes and reactions to other important stimuli and the emphasis the Soviet Union has placed on SHF research, a more detailed discussion of this subject. appears later in this report. PART G - Deprivation (C/NFD) The behavior effects on man fron:c the deprivation of food, sleep, and sensory stimuli have been studied by the Soviet Union. As nentioned in Section II of this report, certain forms of deprivation to humans.is in current use. This area is very important :ln the discussion of controlled offensive behavior and it is clear that the Soviet Union is well aware of this potential. Because one· is able to apply deprivation techniques in controlled situations as well as in the field, it will be discussed in detail in a later section of thls report. Hahn (56) provides further discussion on the areas mentioned in this section to include fear phenomena, anxiety and stress, and cultural backgr01md. These specific areas are not mentioned specifically as separate sections in this report because they become interlaced with the other areas of major concern.


b. Proscopy or precognition - While the above forms appear. to differ only in the nature of the object about which infonnation is received, numerous observations indicate that precognitive ESP involves, under certain circumstances, trespassing the barrier of time to obtain information about future events.
c. Paragnosia or clairvoyance refers.to the extrasensory reception of information about objective events in the outer world.
TYPE II: BIOENERGETICS (U)
Those phenomena associated with the production of objectively detectable effects through means other than the known energetic influences. Seemingly incredible effects have been reported, such as the movement of distc~nt objects without any detectable use of physical force (telekinesis), antigravitational effects, transformations of energy, electro~agnetic effects arising without adequate physical cause, and chemical react ions and biological processes occurring through mental concentration.
3. (U) Scientists in pre-revolutionary Russia we re studying the area of parapsychology as did later such Soviet scientists as V.M. Bekhterev, A.G. Ivanov-Smolensky and B.B. Knzhinsky in the twenties and thirti~s (60,61). In 1922, a commission composed of psychologists, medical hypnotists, physiologists, and physicists worked on parapsychology problems at the Institute for Brain Research in Petrograd (Leningrad). Work flourished throughout the thirties with research being reported


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ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972

in the literature in 1934, 1936, and 1937 (62). After 1937 further experiments ·in the field of parapsychology were forbidden. During Stalin's time, any attempt to study paranormal phenomena might have been interpreted as a deliberate attempt to undermine the doctrines of materialism.

4. (S/NFD) According to Dodge (63) in 1964, the Aerospace Technology Division of the Library of Congress reviewed the Soviet literature in an unpublished bibliography entitled, "Soviet Parapsychology" (ATD Report U-64-77). At that time, academic opposition to parapsychology in the USSR had reached its zenith which led ATD observers to the reasonable conclusion that official Soviet support or funds for parapsychological research were unlikely and that investigation in this area might be terminated.

{

5. (U) The above conclusion was apparently misguided because of events that occurred in 1959 and 1960. In 1959 a book entitled Mysterious Phenomena of the Human Psyche was published in the USSR. Its author was Professor L.L. Vasilev, head of the Department of Physiology of Leningrad University and a corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences- of the USSR (64). A year later, Professor Vasilev was given state funds to establish at the University appropriately equipped laboratories for the study of telepathy. The published findings from this laboratory attracted · attention and began to find repercussions in the colunms of the non-specialized periodical press (65-70). This was followed by a publication in 1962 by Kazhinskiy (71). Following the example of Leningrad, other citje:s, including Moscow, Kiev, Novosibirsk and Kharkov, established similiar laboratories and research centers, at which not only the phenomena described in world literature were examined, but a study was made of parapsychic features displayed by Soviet citizens. .The journal Science and Religion {72) has published many articles on Soviet parapsychology, i:qcluding a discussion of whether it was worth-while continuing re'8_earch in this field (1965). Affinnative, though extremely cautious,


"In the coming era of space flights, telepathic abilities are necessary. While the space rocket must bring men toward knowledge of the grand secrets in the universe, the study of psychic phenomena can lead us toward knowledge of the myste~s of the human mind. It is precisely the s•111tion of this secret which promises the greate:o.: achievements." (80)

There are reports that the Soviets are training their cosmonauts i'n telepathy to back-up their electronic equipment while in outer space. One of these back-up schemes is known to involve coded
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telepathic messages. This method 'was previously demonstrated in March 196 7, when a coded telepathic message was flashed from Moscow to Leningrad (81). The involvement of astronauts or cosmonauts in telepathy experiments is not necessarily unprecedented. In February 1971, during the Apollo 14 flight to the moon, astronaut Edgar Mitchell made 150 separate attempts to project his thoughts from inside the space capsule back to an individual on earth. The results of the Apollo 14 experiments have been well-doctnnented in detail and are published in the Journal of Parasychology (82). Further documentation of Mitchell's experiments can be found in the University of California Newsletter (83).


7. (U) There are numerous reports on Soviet applications of
clairvoyance, hynotism, dowsing, etc., in military operations. In the case of dowsing, this is also not unprecedented, since US forces have employed dowsing in Vietnam for locating enemy tunnels and caches. With respect to brain and mind control/ conditioning, a recent report indicates that the Soviet Union has made great strides in emotional training and conditioning. Soldiers are being taught to set their own emotional tone in battle and stress situations. Further, astronauts are being taught through such mental conditioning to distort time and to offset
boredom in outer space (84).
8" (U) Man's sight and hearing are limited to a relatively small range of wavelengths, other living beings often possess much wider perceptive capabilities, both with regard to sharpness cf perception and range of stimuli. For example, dogs hear higher sound frequencies than man; bats and dolphins orient themselves by means of an ultra-sound radar; bees perceive colors even in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum; some snakes perceive minute differences in temperature and orient thernselves by means of thermoreceptors. Certain living beings even react to stimuli to which man is absolutely insensitive. Some species of fish and homing pigeons, for instance, react to changes of the electric or magnet Le field in their surroundings (59). Tn view of these perceptive processes, it has been difficult to differentiate between those sensory proccss{'S which nre mvrely 8harpcnL'd or highly honed and those Llwt an.• extra or super-nonna1. Certain military advantages t..roul<l come from the app1 Jcat.ion and control of these perceptive 'troccsses. For example, such application and control could be used in the detection and identification of ~ animate objects or htunans through brainwave interactions, mass hypnosis or mind control through long-distance telepathy, thermal receptors, and sensitivity to changes in magnetic/electrical/ gravitational fields.


5. (S/NFD) Kogan's systematic parapsychology research (102)
could also be of potential value to the overall Soviet cybernetic research and development program. Efforts being made to optimize sensory inputs in the interest of-controlling the a_uality of human - ,!llOtor -activity are well known, as is the ultimate Soviet goal of achieving a perfect cybernetic man. It is of interest that both conventional psychology and parapsychology programs are headquartered in Moscow, although as <fepicted in the personnel and institute section the trend is decentralization, is probably no coincidence and supports the view that- the latter program should not be taken lightly (63).
6. (U) As mentioned above, the Soviets seem preoccupied with the search for the energy that carries or facilitates telepathy transmission. Is it electromagnetic or not? The search for this unknown energy has led the Soviets to Kirlian photography; named after its inventors Semyon and Valentina Kirlian. The Kirlians developed a technique of photographing with a high frequency electrical field involving a specially constructed high frequency spark generator, tuned up and down between 75,000 to 200,000 electrical oscillations per second. Their first photographs showed turquoise and reddish-yellow pattenrn of na:es coming out of specific channels within leaves. A magnified picture of a finger showed craters of light and flares (Illustration Three). By the 1960s research on bioluminescence revealed by Kirlian photography was going on in many Soviet universities. Perfected techniques of photographing the play of high-frequency currents on huIIk1.ns, plants and animals, as well as on inaminate matter have set the Soviets on some striking discoveries about the energetical nature of man. "Bio-plasma" is n tenn coined by the Soviets for bioluminescent phenomenon or energy. Scientists at the Kazakh State University at Alma-ata have found that illnesses tend to show up in advance as a disordered play of flares from the "bio-plasma" long before they manifest in the nhvsical body. According to Ostrander and Schroeder, the Soviets may be attempting to link Kirlian photography with comnuters, among other things, to instantly analyze the s~ectra of colors appearing in the vari-colored flares from the living body.


10. (U) Rather than simply observing PK, the Soviets typically ·turned to instrumentation. Mrs. Kulagina was subjected to a number of physiological electronic measuring devices and tested for important body functions during her PK demonstrations. The Soviets found that at the moment an object begins to move, all of Mrs. Kulagina's body processes speed up drastically - heart, breathing, brain activity - and the electromagnetic fields around her body all begin to pulse in rhythm. Soviet researchers postulate that it was these rhythmic "vibrations" that cause objects to be attracted or repelled to her. Illustration Six shows a photographic sequence of Kulagina's PK ability.
11. (C/NFD) Scientists report (113) that Kulagina has been able to stop the beating of a frog's heart in solution and to re-activate it! This is perhaps the most significant PK test done and its military implications in controlled offensive behavior, if true, are extremely important.

, 1

12. (U) Space does not permit a discussion on other important parapsychological phenomena such as eyeless sight (75,114-129), whi.ch appeared to be more of a fad than anything else. However since the mid 1960s, the "eyeless sight 11 fad has subsided and serious research has proceeded quietly at the State Pedagogical Institute in Sverdlovsk, off bounds to foreigners (75). Space


attempt to get information would be useless. There are some

difficulties that would be encountered in building up an organi-

zation of such personnel. Hardly one somnambulist in ten or even

a hundred according to Estabrooks would be suitable for such spy

work; and the deternlining of this suitability would be a difficult

task. But, Estabrooks reports, it could be done, and once accom-

plished would repay amply for all the trouble.

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5. (U) The possibility of creating assassins through hypnotic techniques on POWs exists. As was pointed out above, the subject does not need to be willing to enter into such a condition. Once the captive has been placed in a suitable hypnotic state then one need only to establish the post-hypnotic suggestion or plan for the assassination. After the prisoner is released and returned to his organization, he will carry out hls assignment through his tmconscious state, while appearing-perfectly rehabilitated in his wakeful state. The main problem in the assassin plan is in the area of post-hypnotic reinforcement. There have been some ideas mentioned that suggest one needs to establish the reinforcement pattern during initial hypnosis; some object that will reinforce his goal whenever he looks at it, hears a certain sound, etc. The real problem for the friendly forces is the detection of these mentally altered individuals. At the present time there is no fool proof method of detection. There is no test by which one can discover these agents. Blood pressure, heart rate, electroencephalograph, psychogalvanic reflex, all these devices which one can use to detect the most subtle bodily changes are worthless for there are no bodily changes. Drugs, at least for the present, appear to be of no value. Further, there are certain safeguards that the hypnotic method provides for the enemy. Most important is the conviction of innocence which the man himself has. He would never "act guilty 11 and if ever accused of seeking information would act quite honestly indignant, the conviction of .innocence on the part of the agent is perhaps his greatest safegi•ard under questioning by our authorities. The Soviets are aware of the above mentioned possibilities and appear to be using certain aspects of psi research in order to manipulate an individuals mental behavior toward these activities.


people?

4. (U) Hypnotizing someone telepathically. probably comes over as a more eerie, mystifying, almost diabolical act in the US· / than it does in the Soviet Union. The US is really just becoming adjusted to some .of the aspects of hypnotism. Since the turn of the century, the Soviets have been exploring and perfoc ting the various advantages that hypnotism provides. In the Soviet Union, hypnotism is a common tool like X-rays, used in medicine, psychotherapy, physiology, psychology, and experimental pedagogy.

5. (U) The Soviets have been reportedly working on the effects of drugs used in combination with psychic tests. Vasilev used mescarine in th~ early days and more recently M.S. Smin1ov, of the Laboratory of Vision, Institute of Problems of Infonnation Transmission of the USSR Aca iemy of Scienc~, has been obtaining psychic success with psilocybin (140).

6. (U) The tests that Vasilev had perfected may have a more interesting future in them than the developer had imagined. Manipulating someone else's consciousness with telepathy, guiding him in trance ..... colorful uses are too easy to conjure. The ability to focus a mental whammy on an enemy through hypnotic telepathy has surely occurred to the Soviets. In espionage, one could telepathically hypnotize an individual with the post-hypnotic suggestion to steal classified documents or detonate important military equipment. The mission is accomplished and the individual does not even know that he has done anything. Ryzl (see appendix VI) stated in Psychic (141), "The bulk of recent telepathy research in the USSR is concerned with the transmission of behavior impulses - or research to subliminally control an individual's conduct." Visiting Soviet psi labs in 196 7, Doctor Ryzl says


of students in hypnotic training classes specially created for this purpose. Some institutes in Japan and the United States are already instructing students under hypnosis according to Kuproyanovich.

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5 •. (U) The important feature of Soviet hypnopedia research is believed to be the conclusions that the Soviets are now arriving at in cegards to the manipulation of the subconscious area of the brain. Much of the· early work that is described by Dodge and Lamont (163) provide the foundation for a much broader understanding of the various methods available for conditioning the human mind. Hypnopedia research has produced an interest in the Soviet Union for the use of the psychology of memory and the subconscious in order to create conditions and functional states for improving memory operation. The areas that grew out of basic hypnopedic research include hypnosis, autogenic training and subliminal perception. It is believed that these newer areas of endeavor bear more scrutiny than the more mundane area of hypnopedia.


of subliminal perception. The article examines the levels of behavior that may be influenced by subliminal stimulation as well as the ethical questions that naturally arise. The article contains an extensive bibliography.

3. (U) The distinction between subliminal and supralirninal perception cannot always be clearly made. Because of the s tatistical nature of thresholds, it is possible that many subjects may receive some cues from stimuli even though they are supposedly
below threshold. Also, what may for one person, at & particular

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·time with a particular stimulus, be below threshold may for another ·person, or the sarae person in another situation, be above threshold. Insofar as subliminality is crucial for motivational or security reasons, stimuli of such low intensity may be required that little effect could be obtained. As one review of literature in this area concluded: "There does riot appear to be substantial evidence for subception (subliminal perception) as a distinct phenomenon." (16 7) Another review of literature in this area (168) concluded that most effects that suggest discrimination without awareness can be attributed to :imperfections in measurement techniques or other shortcomings of experimental methodology and cannot be clearly demonstrated to be related to perceptual variables. Other research in the communications field suggests that research on reactions to propaganda might more profitably focus upon other factors than upon intensity of stimulation.


4. (U) There is strong moral repugnance to the use of subliminal perception in propaganda. This was made evident a few years· ago when some efforts were made (169) to introduce subliminal stimulation into TV as an advertising technique. Insofar as the US is trying to project abroad an image of itself as a nation encouraging individual freedom~ it would seem extremely inappropriate to risk being detected employing propaganda techniques which appear to invade human privacy. It is highly doubtful that the American public would condone such use abroad, just as broadcasters have been reluctant to use this technique for fear of hostile reactions on the part of tneir audiences. While the risks of national public and international condemnat:~< n may be run for worthwhile objectives, if no great advantage accrues the risky app.roach would be inappropriate.
5. (U) The possibility of utilizing subliminal perception for military purposes may have been realized by the Soviets. As mentioned earlier, there is a distinct lack of open literature from the USSR dealing with this subject. However, there is mention of it in Kuproyanovich 1 s recent book (164). The author states that the showing of movie films and slides, along with being an additional retention source, has yet another important value that aids in revealing the subconscious reserves of memory. Earlier in the author's text he describes the showing of movies where additional frames, of an advertising nature, were inserted between the film's basic frames. It was shown that, because of their brief but sufficiently frequent appearance, this technique acted on the subconscious (similar to US work in the 1950s). The Soviet


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.-

of pain and in the treatment of neuroses and other functional

disturbances (177). Professor Svyadoshch believes that autosuggestion

may be used with success in cosmonaut training. In his opinion,

autosuggestion can be of great value to those whose occupation

makes particularly great demands on self-control, in particular,

space crews. Svyadoshch reports that it takes five or six months

\

of special exercises to master the autosuggestion technique. This

makes a person "immune" to fear, worry, and emotional instability (178).

6. (U) The Soviets have shown interest in the ability of humans to alter their psychophysiological state by autogenous and exogenous suggestion. A study was conducted to determine the possibility of changing the activity of individual organs and systems of the human body by autogenous and exogenous suggestion. Six test subjects were exposed to 70-day bed rest. Three of the subjects served as controls, and the other three were trained for the I first ten days to arbitrarily strain or relax individual muscular groups, with subsequent sleep. Myotonometric data showed that different muscle tonus indices could be reduced 5-25%. ECG, EEG, myotonometric, and actographic data showed that sleep occurred by the 7 to 15th minute during the second to third weeks of the experiment. By the fourth week the test subjects were able to arbitrarily achieve a state of relaxation and sleep at any time, regardless of the emotional reaction background. At such times arterial pressure and pulse rate were significantly lowered. By the fifth week the test subjects attained similar results, although somewhat less effectively, by self-suggestion. Thus it is possible, by auto-


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articles on civil defense, one district (rayon) alone publishing 700 of them, and there were 45 television broadcasts and over 1,000 radio talks and reports on civil defense (185,186). In Novosibirsk, 2 ,000 lectures were given on civil defense s.ubj ects by the "Znaniya" (Knowledge) Society (187). In the Georgian SSR over 7,000 propagandists of the Ministry of Culture are promoting information on civil defense (188). Forty civil defense movies are being shown throughout the country in regular movie theaters and in various clubs, which were said to have been seen in 1969 by about 90 million persons (185). In the town of Orel, one city district alone had 179 civil defense exhibits (189). In the Azerbaidzhan SSR, in one month there were nine television broadcasts and 300 items in the local press dealing with c.ivil defense, while in a district in Belorussia in one month there were held 120 public lecture sessions, 75 showings of civil defense movies and numerous broadcasts (190,186). Many factories broadcast weekly or biweekly talks on civil defense over their public address systems. Soviet civil defense authorities also have tried to expand civil defense propaganda by bringing to it writers, journalists, painters, movie producers and other persons from the creative arts. As part of this effort, arrangements were made with the Union of Writers to send groups of their members to attend twoweek seminars at the Higher Central Officer Course on Civil Defense of the USSR. Meetings and conferences of writers and other artists with civil defense officials were also held in a number of the major cities (191,192). Soviet civil defense leaders argue that the population must be well prepared in a morale-psychological sense if it is to withstand the shock of a nuclear war and its ·aftermath. Consequently, in addition to reassuring the population about the effectiveness of ci.;il defense measures and the strength of the Soviet Armed Forces, the propaganda and training programs are also used to instill in the population "hatred for the enemies." It is noted that:


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(14) Amizil -- (Diazil)
Calms the nervous .system, eliminates spasms and the effect of histamine, res tores disrupted pulse. .Used in psychoses, neuroses, and states of depression and phobia •. Prescribed for internal use.
(15) Reserpine -- (SerpasH) Main alkaloid of the plant Rauwolfia serpentina .. Calms the central nervous system, eliminates feelings of fear, longing, and alarm, lowers blood pressure, and slows down pulse. Widely used in schizophrenia, psychoses, neuroses, hypertonia, tachycardia, thyrotoxicoses, and others. Prescribed for internal use or introduced intramuscularly.
SECTION III - PSYCHO-WARFARE AGENTS
PART A - Diethylamide Lysergic Acid (LSD) and Psilocybin
1. (U) Psycho-warfare agents may be defined as those chemical warfare agents whose effects rest on changes of the psyche (198). These materials have the advantage over other warfare agents in that the efficiency of the victim is impaired even with minimal doses. Ordinary methods applicable in combat cannot afford detection of these agents, and for this reason warning cannot be sent out in time when these psychotropic poisons are used. Only the abnormal behavior of the victim may afford the first indication that such compounds have been given. In effective concentrations, these agents are odorless and tasteless and they can be utilized both on the battlefield and in sabotage for contamination "f drinking water and food. ·For this reason the military medical team needs to inform themselves on the effect of these weapons and their symptoms.


. SECFET
ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972
LSD psychosis wears off, the victim experiences no after effects, however it has been reported that part of the hallucinations are subject to recall and flashback reactions have occurred. Psilocybin exerts a qualitatively similar effect in man, but about 100 times weaker than LSD. This material is known as the psychotropic subtance of the Mexican magic mushroom (Psilocybe mex. Heim). The more effective compo1..ll1d is psilozine which occurs in the organism through dephosphorylation of psilocybin. As shown by animal experiment, just 20 minutes after i.p. injection of psilocybin, dephosphorylation is observed, indicating a rather high content of psilozine in brain and other organs of the animals. The two substances are identical with respect to their psychotropic effect, and at the start of the psychosis there are changes in physical feelings (weakness, dizziness) as predominant symptoms. Only later do the optical and acoustic hallucinations start. Anxiety, restlessness, nausea and difficulty in speech are characteristic of the further symptoms of intoxication. In the later course of ·the psychosis there is extensive loss of ability to concentrate or think, and there is also loss of sense of space and time. After the psychosis wears off the victim complains of exhaustion, fatigue and headache, but these symptoms disappear after a while. LSD, psilozine and psilocybin are biochemically correlated to serotonin. It is not yet clear to what extent this correlation is based in enzyme chemistry. However, similar structures in the molecules of these substances suggest pharmaccdynamic interpretations. Since brain. function is closely related to serotonin metabolism it can be assmned that this substance is replaced by structurally very similar psychotoxins that are built up, namely by subsr.ances of the trypt~m1ine group, e.g., LSD. These poisons do not take over the functfons of the serotonin, however, and this leads to disturbances in the C::\S. The comparison of the above named materials with other tryptarnine derivatives such as dimethyltryptamine 'and bufotenine, which is an isomer of psilozine, also fits into the franework of pharmacodynamic interpretation. Both derivatives are psychotropically active substances, effective in man in doses of about 70 mg.


3. (C/CD/NDA) Several institutes in the Soviet Union have been identified where LSD researd1 has taken place since 1969. The Institute of Physiology in Tbilisi was reported to be doing work on the effects of LSD on baboon behavior. No specific experimental work is known (199). A group at the Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, has been working with LSD in experiments with inhibitors (200). It is difficult to judge what the Soviets are· doing, but the work with inhibitors might indicate research efforts in the area of I;;edical defense against the use
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of LSD on Soviet troops. There is a group at the Institute of Physiology in Novosibirsk. No details on their work is available. The relationship between LSD, serotonin, and motor components of behavior reactions is being studied at the Donetsk Medical Institute (201). The Soviet research in the area concerned with the action of bioamines, e.g., adrenaline, serotonin, and noradrenaline, which the Donetsk group is studying, will be discussed later in this report. Studies concerned with the reversibility of pathomorphological changes· in the brain of rats after chronic administration of LSD were going on in 1971 at the Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute (202). The First Medical Institute imeni I.M. Sechenov has reported their work on the search for antagonists for hashish and LSD (203). Kudrin reported that Haloperidol (a butyrophenone tranquilizer) injection in combination with Phenitron (a propiophenone adrenolytic) prevents cats from the development of LSD-induced psychosis and catatonia. This is an important aspect of Soviet, LSD research as it indicates their possible interest in military medical defense against psychowarfare agents. Popova has reported on the effect of LSD on the structure of neurons and interneuronal connections. The author states that her observations suggest that the central effects of LSD may be related to changes both in synapses and in the cell body (204).


be limited to the brain (206).

PART B - Piperidyl Benzilate and Piperidyl Glycolate

1. (U) In the ·course of the search for anticholinergic substances, it was found that methylpiperidyl benzilate and its derivatives are extremely active hallucinogens. If we start from the general formula for piperidyl benzilate and piperidyl glycolate, a series of highly active psychotropic compounds·can be derived from it. The radicals of the formula below are involved as substituents. :From the piperidyl benzilate series we can mention N-methylpiperidyl benzilate as a highly active psychotoxin (R1=CH3; Rz and RJ=C5H5). From the piperidyl glycolate series, Ditran (R1= -C2H5; Rz= -C6Hs; R3= -C5H9) can be described as an extremely active compound.

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2. (U) Poisoning with piperidyl glycolates is hardly to be distinguished from LSD poisoning at the beginning, because also in the first mentioned class of materials the first psychic effects ·occur after 45 to 60 minutes. They consist of confusion, speech . difficulty, disorientation and hallucination of optical and acoustic type. It is to be noted that in piperidyl glycolate psychosis the victim can still describe his condition relatively clearly after a dose of 0.5 to 2.0 mg. At doses of.10 mg and above, however, contact with the environment and insight into the artificiality of the condition is lost. The victims react only to


7. (U) A.R. Luria of the University of Moscow has been studying the functional organization of the brain for several years. In a recent article, Doctor Luria describes some recent Soviet advances in the mapping of the brain (210). The lengthy article is concluded by Luria stating that neuropsychology has put us (the Soviets) on a new path in the investigation of how the brain functions. Luria feels that this is likely to lead the way to substantial changes in the design of psychological research in
the future.

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8. (U) An interesting research report in 1968 appeared in the
Soviet press which related biogenic amines with psychotropic drugs (211). The type of mental disturbance produced by psychoI pharmaceuticals was investigated in human volunteers. The volunteers received a variety of compounds (not named) in 20--150 mg doses. Psychic disturbances were of two types: anxiety depressive and deep depressive. The first group reported more phobias, while the second group exhibited general lassitude, and hypochondriac symptoms. Adrenalin and noradrenalin were given by injection.


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3~ (U) Controlling group behavior with drugs has been reported by I.P. Lapin (214). The study dealt with animals but may have some bearing on human behavior reorientation. According to Lapin, in order to change the behavior of a large group of animals, it is sufficient to use drugs to contr:il the behavior of the most active animals (leaders). The article discusses the use of amphetamines and aminazine. Further reference to Lapin can be found in an article of 23 September 1968 ,(215).
4. (U) One of the most interesting areas of research into finding new psychotropic substances may be associatedwith the gonionemous jellyfish. Research into the nervous and pychic disorders resulting from lesions caused by the jellyfish has beer, reported by the aforementioned Serbsky Institute (216). It appears that literature on Soviet research in this field is extremely limited. Mikhalev and Vatskov studied 260 cases of lesions by poisonous gonionemous jellyfish. General and local disturbances are distinguished according to their severity and symptoms of intoxication in the clinical picture. In cases of a severe course of the affection (18 patients), except for polymorphic somatic symptoms, there were distinct neuropsychiatric deviations. They were expressed in tormenting headaches, convulsions, paresis, disturbances of statics, sacral posterior radicular pains. Vegetative symptoms were in the form of hyperhydrosis, acrocyanosis, hypersalivation, and red demographism. Hental disturbances proceeded with an increasing fear of death, sometimes with speech and fugiform excitation, altered consciousness of the delirio-amentive or oneiroid type with illusions, hallucinations, psychosenory and delusional symptoms. The psychotic symptoms of an acl•te exogenous reaction subsided during the following two to five days. This research might have significance in the Soviets attempts to arrive at suitable means for controlling or altering behavior.


3. (U) Among the varied research interests in the Soviet Union
dealing with flashing lights is the relationship of the vestibular to the visual systems. Electrophysiological data on the effect of the vestibular apparatus on the optical system has been published in the Soviet Union (224, 225) . It has been reported that s timulalation of the vestibular apparatus (polarization of the labyrinth by a direct current) causes an increase in neuron reaction to light stimulation and an increase in the critical frequency of flashes. The Soviets also conclude that the interactions of visual and vestibular analyzers is brought about mainly because of their cortical levels. Studies were carried out with deaf individuals to provide further evidence of this. If these studies are all valid, this could lead to the possible development of systems that combine vestibular stimuli with photic-flicker capability in order to achieve a degree of mental disorientation and confusion. The Soviets conclude by stating that functional variations of the cortex of normal subjects caused by vestibular stimulations result in a disruption of cortical-subcortical relationships, which in turn alters the functional states of the retina. Further work in the relationship of visual perception, auditory stimuli, cmd the cerebral cortex have been reported (226~228). Studies have been conducted on rabbits, cats, and Moscow school children. It was· fotmd that repeated stimulation with sound resulted in a complete extinction of neuronal response.


establishments are Doctor Douglas Pearce and Doctor C.E. Mackinnon.
The two doctors have specialized in psycho-optic research dating back to the early 1950s. About 1962, they became associated with the Canadian Ministry of Defense in Toronto, Canada. Doctor Pearce
and Doctor Mackinnon have been experimenting with human subjects
since 1952. Some of their work includes studies on the effects
of light and other stimuli on aircraft pilots; it is believed
that this research was military oriented. It is felt that their work (and future work) should be studied and watched because of their expertise in the area of light stimuli.

I·

5. (S/CD/NDA) Very little literature has appeared on countermeasures or defense against flashing lights. One US expert (246) suggests that perhaps the most simple means of protecting against the adverse effects of flickering light would be a series of filters fitted to eye glasses or goggles, but the wearer would have to be absolutely cognizant of the exact wavelength employed against him to get the desired results. A variable and selective filter for eye glasses coulc~ be manufactured. Also, there is optical glass that would limit the· field of vision to a few degrees. Based on the discussion of the use of a tungsten light to conceal a laser source, it would be of· interest to see if any discernable eye damage had occurred to any of the air crew that was subjected to Soviet red strobe lights. It appears to be imperative that eye examinations must be given to all personnel who report exposure to Soviet flickering lights.


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PART VII
ODOR AND THE ALTERING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SECTION I - BACKGROUND
1. (U) Man has just begun to research the areas of odor and olfactory phenomena. An increasing amoimt of evidence implicates olfactory mechanisms in communication between the sexes in prosimians and also in their social organization, but to date there is only scant infonnation that olfaction plays a similar role . , '"''.,.:,.;~n h~&!.1,er primates (24 7) •
2. (U) Do pheromones operate also in people? There is no evidence
that they do not, and some evidence that they do. Many psychiatrists \ have believed that odor is among the "cues" which operate in the transference situation, while schizophrenic patients, who are receptive to unorthodox ideas and have their sensory gain-control turned right up, claim to "smell" hostility. Some psychiatrists themselves have long claimed to be able to "smell" schizophrenia-the substance involved has now been identified as trans-3-methylhexanoic acid. Olfactory sensitivity varies greatly in hrnnans--a perfumer can smell the differences between skin and hair colors, and many unskilled observers have noted the unique, pleasant skin odor of redheaded women (248).


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·important to the social insects, which manufacture a variety of scents to coordinate the activities of their colonies; they employ odors to warn their kind of impending danger, to recognize int1~uders, to mark trails leading to food, to mov2 their nests, and to enlist the help of other colony members, Because of this phenomenon, man may be able to control insects through the use of different chemical attractants (249). It may some day be possible for men to control other men by using pheromones.
SECTION II - Behavioral Altering Possibilities
1. (C/CD/NDA) A paper presented at the Ciba Foundation Symposium on Mechanisms of Taste and Smell in Vertebrates by M.G.J. Beets is of interest because of the implications of possible chemical warfare use (250). The paper by Beets reports a new line of synthetic odor producing substances with odors closely related to those of some of the steroids. The steroids are very complex, expensive to produce, naturally-occurring substances with strong odors which are quite important in controlling behavior, particularly in lower animals. Steroids are used in contraceptive medicaments, and perfumers have been looking among them for years for a substance to insert into perfumes e.s an aphrodisiac. Beets and his group have come up with a very simple artificial product which is easy to synthesize chemically and which has the identical smell of the natural substance it mimics. Instead of having a large, complicated chemical structure with, say four rings, Beets has produced a structure with a single ring but with so many groups attached to it chemically that it is the same shape of molecule as the natural substance. The accomplishment supports the theory that odors of chemicals depend upon the shapes of their molecules (251).


2. (C/CD/NDA) Beets 1 paper reports an innocent development, but the principle of the development applies in chemical warfare with regard to the search for "mind benders. 11 In fact, Beets observed that the basic idea of his accomplishment could be extended to drugs, hormones and some other substances, making their synthesis much easier by simplifying the steps of production while retaining the overall shape of the molecule (251) .
3. (C/CD/NDA) There are at least two problems in using this synthetic mimicry for a placating or confusing effect in chemical warfare. One is getting the substances sufficiently volatile for dispersal in the air. The natural substances are generally not
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volatile, but a way may be found to make them so. Moreover, we are just at the beginning of a knowledge of the chemical controlers that are produced in the body, and it is not unlikely that some of these substances are small-moleculed and thus replaceable by a synthetic substance which could be readily distributed through the air. There is also the possibility of distributing the nonvolatile substances through the water system, which is probably more efficient-for some purposes.


4. (C/CD/NDA) The second problem has to do with whether odor--
that is, the chemical traces entering the body which produce the effect we call odor--can have a substantial behavioral effect upon human beings. There is the ancient idea of the aphrodisiacal odor in perfume. Certain food odors can start one to salivate and make one htmgry. Certainly, most of the lower animals and insects do have strong odor-responsive sys terns. A bitch in heat will attract male dogs from half a mile or a mile around.. Many insects use similar systems for attracting a mate or for knowing where ,. to lay theireggs. Ants produce a smell warning other ants of danger. In the animal world the phenomenon of pheromone--of odorous signaling substances--can be powerfully controlling, and it would be very surprising if the htnnan being is exempt from this.
5. (C/CD/'NDA) Many of the secretions of the endocrine glands have profound effects in signaling changes in the basal metabolism and changes in the whole operation of the body. It is probable that more and more substances will be found that are put into the blood stream by the endocrine glands, or by the brain, which control whether we feel awake, or sleepy, or active, or sexy, or hungry or whatever else. So there is a very definite pos.31bility of an eventual chemical warfare application of these substances synthetically reproduced or mimicked. And just conceivably, Beets' I principle is the way to go (251).


on living organisms.

8. (C/NFD) Another area of interest is the Soviet work on the

influence of carbon tetrachloride on the human body. Belkov (254)

reports that small concentrations (8 mg. per cubic meter) decreases

the light sensitivity of the eye. The threshold of reflex action

of this sensitivity was 6 mg. per cubic meter. Thus concentrations

of carbon tetrachloride undetectable by its odor can change the

·'

light sensitivity of .the eye. This fact has possible application in chemical warfare use as a behavioral control mechanism.

9. (V) Pheromone phenomena has interested researchers in Poland,
A 1969 review article with 88 references was writ ten by J. Kwiatkowska.
The article deals with pheromones and conununication in the animal kingdom (304). A 1970 review by Malicki discusses physical and chemical attractants for insects (305).

10. (S/NFD) One approach to behavior alteration in humans is through the possible use of the olfactory sensitivity of insects or animals. One can use a pheromone or other odor-producing age.1t to create a condition that will cause insects for exami;>le to gather to a specific location, e.g. on an enemy troop camp. Another pheromone could be released that could cause aggressive behavior in the insects, this jn turn would disrupt the military unit and render them ineffective. The Soviets have been working with attractants for the Aedes mosquitoes. They have shown that solutions of lysine and alanine are useful as Aedes attractants (306). It might be mentioned that these aqueous solutions would probably be adaptable to aerosol dissemination.


of sound and seem to be interested in establishing protective measures for humans. The Soviets believe that the fact that htnnan beings are not biologically adapted to the rapid tempo, noise, and pressures
of an urban industrial society accounts for the increase in cardiovascular and nervous disturbances. Therefore, the Soviets are experimenting with a concept they call "The Zone of Health." One such zone has been established in Baku. The facility includes parks and seashore with provisions for 28 kinds of natural therapy including climatotherapy, kinestherapy, diet therapy, photother-apy, psychotherapy, etc. During 1969, 142,000 p11 atients" were treated with some 98 percent going home "healthy" (255). Apparently the zone is a form of rest and relaxation with complete absence from excessive sound stimuli. This would appear to he an expensive project and therefore illustrates the Soviet concern for the effects of excessive noxious stimuli on its people.

3. (U) A 1964 book written by G.N. Krivitskaya (256) appears to be of extreme interest; tmfortunately only the preface and the table of contents is available in translated fonn. For readers interested in behavior modifications through sound, it seems that a full· translation is a must. Below is described the purpose and coverage of the text and the abridged form of the table of contents. The book is entitled "Effect of Intense Noise on the Brain; Experinental Research. 11 This book covers the problem of change in morphological structures (nerve cells, fibers, synapses, ganglia and vessels) in the neuron systems using different analyzers for the effect of noise stimulants such as an electric bell with a strength of 80-130 decibels (db) of mixed frequency used from one to 4L1c times. The r.1aterial is divided into three parts. The first part describes the harmful effect of sound irritants on ·living organisns. The second deals with experimental data (producing convulsive attacks in a rat in response to sound


irritants). In both chapters, further references are cited.

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In the third chapter results of studies are compared with data from references. This book is recommended for neuropathologists, otolaryngologists, therapeutists and pathomorphologists.
!. TABLE OF CONTENTS: (abridged)
Foreword -- 3 Introduction -- 5 Harmful effects of sounds and noises on the organism -- 8 Producing attacks caused by sound -- 70 Morphological principles of functional changes in the central
nervous system caused by sound -- 112
Bibliography -- 138 references
SECTION II - INFRASONIC NOISE
1. (U) The following discussion on the effects of infrasound is based on a report by Maire (25 7). Due to the lack of appropriate Soviet literature, this discussion is based upon references from other countries.
2. (U) Observed psychological and physiological effects have included significant impairment of compensatory tracking ability, choice-reaction time, foot pressure constancy and peripheral vision. Other effects were greater error increases in reaction times and performance at 5 Hz than at 2 Hz, increased initial reaction time and an increasingly detrimental effect on visual ')erformance as frequencies were increased above 8 Hz, with maximum effect occuring between 40 and 50 Hz. Gavreau (258) observed that high intensity infrasound caused sensations of panic and the impression that the head would burst. Infr as ound at a frequency of 7 Hz (emitted by a faulty industrial ventilator) caused difficulty in the performance of mental activities and precision work. Other studies (259, 260) have shown that 2t exposures to stimuli of 15·-17 Hz, at SPL's (sound pressure level) of approximately 104 dB, subjects experienced feelings of apprehension. During initial exposuresto intense sound fields, many individuals presented symptoms typical of generalized stress reactions, particularly in cases where sufficiently effective ear protectors were not in use. Severe stonn activity in North America was compared with the automobile accident rate and the rate of absenteeism among school children in the area of Chic.ago, Illinois during May 1967. The results suggested that a correlation may exist between the presence of infrasonic disturbances in the area and changes in selected patterns of human behavior (261).


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3. (U) Very little information is available on animal reactions to infrasound at this time. According to Maire, it has been reported that a frequency of 7 Hz caused "epileptic fits" and the subsequent death of rats at some distance from the laboratory in which the generator was located. There is a newspaper article claiming that during experiments with a frequency of 7 Hz, all dogs in a nearby apartment building ''went completely insane with fear" (262).
SECTION III - SONIC NOISE
1. (U) There have been several pertinent Soviet reports on the psychological effects of noise in the 20 to 20,000 Hz range. Among these was a report by Korotkin et al (263) that showed changes in auditory thresholds as a result of suggestion during hypnosis.· In 14 of 16 subjects, the deterioration or improvement in audibility of sound signals suggested during hypnosis produced a significant change in auditory sensitivity in accordance with the suggestion of the hypnotist. More substantial changes in auditory sensitivity (up to 60 db)· followed the suggestion of poor audibility. The range of changes in sensitivity following the suggestion of good audibility was narrower (up to 21.4 db). The lowering of the auditory thresholds in response to a suggestion of good audibilitywas largely dependent on their level on the day of the experiment. The higher the original levels, the more they dropped as a result of suggestion. The considerable individual variations in auditory sensitivity caused by suggestion were obviously related to the degree of suggestibility of the subjects.


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3. (U) Alekseyev and Suvarov (265) studied the· speed and intensity of· acoustic and visual reactions in·subjects exposed to noise from thirty minutes to.four hours. Using 70 to 90 db noise intensities
in a soundproof chamber, the investigators recorded vocal and motor reaction response times after varying exp'.)sure durations. Prolonged (3-4 hour) testing at either db level caused fatigue of the central
nervous system, reduced effective response, and disturbed relationships between motor responses and strength of stimulus. Noise of 70 db produc!ed no essential changes in responses within the first hour of testing, while 90 db noise caused changes in vision dependent reactions and slowing of reaction times.

4. (U) Strakhov (267) has investigated the effect of high intensity noise (95-100 db, 1500-3000 Hz) on EEG patterns. In human subjects a gradually increasing desynchronization of cortical rhythms was noted together with the appearance of slow waves. In rabbits and cats, both desynchronized and synchronized rhythms occurred. The general character of noise induced changes, the considerable after effect of noise, accompanying changes in respiratory function, and the presence of a cardiovascular reaction suggested that subcortical brain structures (especially the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata) were primarily responsible for the genesis and development of these changes. This hypothesis was confirmed by electrophysiological studies with potentials taken directly from subcortical structures. In addition, histolo~ical examination showed pronounced changes in medullary nerve cells. In a later report (26 7), Strakhov reported that a generalized alpha rhythm depression develops during a period of several minutes as a result of exposure to 95-100 db noise, but that if photic stimulation were applied at the befinning of the noise, alpha rhythm bursts appeared which weakened, then completely disappeared as the noise action continued. Discontinuation of the noise first brought about new bursts of alpha rhythm in response to photic stir.mlation, and subsequently led to its complete restoration. 'The administration of scopolamine delayed the development of the changes. The results were regarded to be due to development of an inhibitory state in the cerebral cortex due to the activation by noise of the reticular structures of the inferior parts of the brain stem and the release of inhibitory mechanisms of the nonspecific thalamus. Other EEG work has been reported by Korzh (268) and by Doroshenko et al (269).


scientific literature could there be found a documented incident

where high intensity sound caused a gross psychological effect,

or any closely related effect, on a man.

6. (U) The intense noises associated with aircarft may in many ways be similar to those that might be purposely generated under combat conditions. In this respect, the work of Terent 'yev, Sheludyakov and Sviridova (271) may be quite relevant to assessment of the psychological effects of noise on highly motivated, trained personnel. These investigators observed 90 people from an aviation engineering technical staff, who, in the course of their work, were subjected to the influence of noise with an intensity of 100-102, 110-112, 118-120, and 130-136 db daily, or two to three times a week for one to six hours at a time. The majority of the technicians exposed to 130 db and more, complained of general fatigue, reduced work capability, headache, unpleasant sensations. in the region of the heart, noise and ringing in the ears after each day's work, less frequently of itching over the entire body, pains in the front wall of the abdomen, and sometimes nausea and vomiting. In some, sleep was irregular and appetite lowered. In a majority, these phenomena disapp~ared after a nights sleep; in others after 2-3 days if work under noise conditions was not repeated. Analysis of case data showed that the frequency, expression and duration of unfavorable sensations were determined by both intensity and noise duration. Individual characteristics of those examined were also important. The symptom complexes


8. · (U) Yuganov et al (274) have suggested that there be a standardization for admissible limits for high intensity sound. The effect exerted on humans by noise of 114-116 and 125-126 db with an acoustic energy of 500 Hz was studied. The auditory thresholds~ blood pressure values and time of response to light stimuli were measured. Sixty-four healthy male test subjects were used in 152 exp(;: imen·.s. Adverse changes in the acoustic analyzer, cardiovascular system and locomotor analyzer were detected during an exposure to 125-126 db noise. Taking into account the changes in the thresholds of skin vibrosensitivity when the ear was protected, it is concluded that the skin becomes a second gauge for acoustic energy beginning with 125-126 db. Noise of 114-116 db is considered admissible during powered stages of spaceflight.
SECTION IV - ULTRASONIC NOISE
1. (U) Various psychological effects to exposure to ultrasound (greater than 20,000 Hz) has been reported in the Soviet literature. Mel 'kumova and Koroleva (275) reported psychological-subjective findings based on clinical observations of 104 individuals exposed to ultrasound in an industrial environment. The main complaints of the examinees were headache, extremely pronounced fatigability, tiredness and a general weakness. The onset of fatigue in most of the subjects began as early as two to three hours after starting work with simultaneous development of headache, with the latter


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in::'.reasing progressively in intensity until the midday break. For some, the 30 minute break at noon restored work capacity and lessened the ·severity of the headache. Considerable exhaustion was e)Cpe'tienced by most subjects by the end of the workday. Besides the marked fatigability and tiredness the examinees complained of a constant feeling of general weakness and vertigo with dimming of vision occurring by noon, at the end of the workday, under physical or mental strain and in stuffy rooms. These sensations caused loss of consciousness in some individuals.
2. (U) Another effect of ultrasound was disturbances in sleeping patterns. The need for sleep was felt by one group during actual work, before the noon break, or toward the end of the work day. Some individuals were overcome by drowsiness during short pauses in work and in longer pauses fell asleep standing up or in other normally uncomfortable positions. In rare cases daytime drowsiness was of the nature of a hypnagogic state, during which the individuals continued to.be oriented in their surroundings, hear speech, follow the industrial process, and at the same time, sleep with clear dreams. Changes in nocturnal sleep were also reported. Thirtyeight per cent of the workers complained of drug-like heavy, dreamless sleep, while another group (18%) slept superficially and intermittently with difficulty in falling asleep and, in some cases, with oppressive dreams.


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combined with pains in the stomach which radiated into the right subcostal region. Menstrual disturbances (dysmenorrhea and prolonged 'amenorrhea) were detected in several women workers, but gynecological examination revealed no inflammatory or proliferative disease in any of them, Many men among the examinees complained of reduced sexual capacity. Two men, aged 46 and 48, with long work exposure on ultrasonic installations displayed sexual impotence.
6. (U) The organ and cellular effects of ultrasound have also been documented. Gorshkov (277) cites studies by Wolf in which. small aquatic animals were exposed to varied durations and intensities of 800 kHz ultrasound. The results suggested that a species specific relationship may exist for sensitivity to ultrasonic irradiation. Gorshkov also cites experiments by Buch tala, who described spoCi.taneous bone fracture in ayoung dog after ultrasonic irradiation, and Majnc, who exposed the extremities of a rabbit to ultrasound at 960 kHz, 6 watts/ cm2 , for 30-120 minutes. Edemas of soft tissues, ulceration, periosteal separation from the bone, and subendosteal hemorrhages resulted. Necrotizat:Lon of the bone eventually followed, although the joint cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates remained completely unchanged.


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ST-CS-01-169-72 July 1972 10. (U) In chronic experiments with ultrasound of moderate intensity, Onanov (280) observed changes in animal behavior {apathy, lassitude, refusal of food, emaciation, trophic ulcers and loss of fur). Death due to stress with adrenal failure has been reported in sheep subjected to ultrasonic irradiation at high intensities similar to those used in the treatment of human auditory disease. Stress due to ultrasound of lower intensities has also been claimed (281). SECTION V- CONCLUSION 1. (C/NFD) Although the above discussion on Soviet research in the areas of biological (psychological) properties of sound was brief, it expresses an awareness on the part of the Soviets of the potential harmful effects on hmnans. Some Soviet research has indi~ated that the behavioral changes in man and animal are of prime importance. 2. (C/NFD) According to Maire (257) scientists from Warsaw Pact countries have evinced interest in French sonic and ultrasonic sirens and pneumatic compressors for acoustic wave generation. Therefore, the Soviets may be expected to continue research on small· si:ren powered emitters for mob control and on larger acoustic arrays for area denial and anti-infiltration application.


4. (U) Despite the recounts of .the Mindzenty case, the Soviets did not publish reports·on sensory deprivation until the mid 1960s. The Soviet data is usually published in their aerospace or related literature. ·Hinkle in 1969, however, has reported that under prison isolation, as this has been carried out by Soviet and Eastern European state police, most prisoners developed symptoms of disorganization within three to six weeks; but some have been known to endure this for many months, and some have succmnbed within days (284). Based on Hinkle's statement and numerous other accounts on the treatment of prisoners in the Soviet Union and other communist countn'.es, it seems safe to say that they have
0
had some experience with the effects of sensory deprivation prior to their acknowledgment of actual research in this field.
·s. (U) The Soviets are quick to point out that the Canadians
and the Americans were the first to report and maintain research efforts in the field of isolation and sensory deprivation (SD). Perhaps to detract attention from.the prison reports, Kosmolinskiy reports that from the mid-fifties, s3nsory depriva:tion experiments attracted increasingly greater attention in scientific investigation centers of the Army, Air Force, and Navy of the United States and Canada (285). In another.section of Kosmolinskiy's report, he mentions, however, that the question of sensory deprivation was already established in the USSR in the twenties by I.P. Pavlov. The distinction between Paviov's work and research by Galkin in 1932 (286) as compared to Western work is th?t the Soviet efforts were more humane. Kosmalihskiy states that abroad, crueler forms of isolation were imposed and that sensory limitations were created by the most severe means e.g. plaster cast usage.


matter of the action of isolation and SD factors, but also a·

numbec of supplementary factors complicating the circmnstances

of the experiment (restraint with straps, plaster casts, uncom-

,1

fortable postures, and occasional painful sensations). The Soviets

· further believe that Wes tern experimental work does not appear to

be a true model of human life and work conditions, especially in

space flight simulation SD studies.

7. (U) According to Kosmolinskiy, experiments on the limitation of stimuli and conditions of isolation carried out by Soviet
scientists showed that a· healthy person with greater will power can remain in a soundproof chamber for an extended period of time without any psychic changes threatening the condition of his health. The various specific sensory illusions which appear are not of a morbid nature. This form of sensory illusion pertains to illusions associated with incorrect perception of stimuli, the information characteristic of which is insufficient (289). The illusions themselves do not appear to be a sign of psychic disease and often are encountered in healthy persons, especially in those instances when something interferes with the distinct perception of visual and auditory images; for example, poor lighting. Baseline psychological status, fatigue, distraction, states of expectation and fear are of great significance. O.N. Kuznetsov and V. I. Lebedev (289) in describing the presence of illusions involving recognition errors in subjects under inves tigation in the soundproof c;hamber as a consequence of insufficient information, of a feeling of the extraneous presence of eidetic images, ideas of relationship and over evaluations, do not consider these phenomena to be pathological, and propose calling them pseudopsychopathological. According to the data of F.D. Gorbov (290), psychopathological phenomena were absent in the experiments o:E Soviet cosmonauts in a soundproof chamber.


8. (U) Soviet scientists assume that the isolation factor must be studied in conformity with conditions which can occur on space flights. In this regard, the most important factor appears to be that a person believe in the necessity of the work which he is to accomplish, and that he have a clear conception of the objects of a given experiment. Each experiment in the soundproof chamber is a moral and volitional ex.:imination for future cosmonauts, for example, which prepares them for the performance of COf!lplex tasks.

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9; (C) Most Soviet literature, as was mentioned previously,
dealing with SD experiments is related to the space effort. The purpose for discussing some of the Soviet views above was to illustrate the. rather mundane work that they report in the open literature. The more interesting aspect is their awareness and appare::tt concentration on Wes tern literature as is evidenced by the Kosmolinskiy report. The Soviets don't go so far as to condenm the Western approach, but seem to be quick to point out the ·differences from their approach which is reported to be not as severe. Based on early reports on "confessions 11 and ''brainwashing" in communist countries, it would be naive not to assume tbat the


2. (U) A question was raised concerning the possible hazard to personnel working with a device which generated very high field density electromagnetic pulses. Of particular concern was the possibility that people working on an object which was to be subjected to the pulse might themselves receive the energy by virtue of a premature triggering or some other mischance. The generator created an electromagnetic field in the form of a pulse which had a duration of 3 x io-9 sec, at a voltage of 1.0 megavolt. In essence, a Van de Graaf generator was used to charge a bank of high capacity condensers. The condensers were discharged into a load consisting of an array of aerial wires so that a high potential difference was caused to exist between them and a grounded rt(;)tal mesh plate beneath. With the breakdown of the air dielectric an intense pulsed field was created. On one occasionwhen the generator was being tested after its erection, a bird flew under the aerial wires just as it was pulsed. The bird fell from the sky and flopped about in a rather disorganized way for a minute or so. It then appeared to regroup all those things which birds must have in order to fly, and flew off about its avian business apparently none the worse for the experience. This incident was unsettling to those working with the generator, so a search was made in the literature for something germane which would indicate whether or not a hazard to operating personnel existed. This literature search was reported by Hirsch et al (294). According to Hirsch, not very much was found except for a paper by Salvingnac et al (1967) which related to the psychomotor disturbances in air crews when their airplanes were struck by lightning. The density 9f the electromagnetic fields to which these people were exposed