(U) The group met weekly during the first half of the year. On the basis of discussions and informally conducted RV sessions, three experiments were proposed. The first
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(U) was designed to test the hypothesis that several RV sessions could be conducted over a period of time without feedback after each session. The purpose of this proposed experiment was to examine what effect lack of feedback would have on subsequent viewing attempts, given the possibility that post-session feedback may not always be available.
(U) A second proposed experiment dealt with the issue of different types of target material. Some viewers have reported subjectively different impressions when the task is to view an actual outdoor scene (after which the viewer goes to the scene for feedback) than when the task is to view a photograph of an outdoor scene (following which the viewer is shown the photograph). The specific opinion is that the RV impressions are richer, more varied, and not as limited to visual for actual scenes than for the photographs. It follows that viewer responses might also be more detailed and not as limited to visual impressions. This hypothesis could be tested by conducting a series of viewings where targets are randomly chosen from a pool of outdoor sites and photographs.


(U) Twenty-four RV sessions from a separate experiment were videotaped. An independent analyst viewed the tapes and measured the response latency following each presentation of the stimulus word "target" with a stopwatch. In addition, the total time elapsed from when the viewer began his response to when he stopped to take a break was recorded. The RV responses were analyzed by figure of merit analysis. The average response latency and the average production time for each presentation of the stimulus word were calculated for each session. Results showed a significant tendency for higher quality viewings both when response latencies were relatively short and when production times were relatively brief.
(U) These results also add confirmatory evidence that RV impressions are relatively brief and easily subject to modification by the associational processes of memory and experience.

18. (U) Objective F, Task 6--Investigate Hypnosis as an RV Debriefing Tool

(U) It has been assumed that remote viewing information is mediated through subconscious processes and is therefore not readily available to conscious retrieval. Hypnosis has been found to increase the ability of observers to recall information acquired in a variety of circumstances where conscious recall has been blocked (i.e., material was presented subliminally, trauma was associated with the initial perception, or information overload occurred). In the present study, hypnosis was used in an attempt to enhance the data of an RV session.


(U) An SRI employee with previous remote viewing and hypnosis experience was used as a viewer in the demonstration. Remote viewing experience included more than one hundred monitored experimental sessions. In addition, the viewer had received certified formal training in the practice of hypnosis. In preliminary testing, the viewer was found to rank in the 92nd percentile equivalent on the Standford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales suggesting high hypnotizability.
(U) Targets were individually selected just before an experimental RV session and, while aware of the general nature of the pool, the viewer and experimenter remained blind to the target until after each trial was completed. Twelve targets were randomly selected for 12 experimental trials from a group of 200 National Geographic photographs of natural scenes previously chosen as a pool of potential targets for RV experiments.
(U) RV sessions were conducted in the standard way with a monitor present. After the conclusion of the RV session, a computer randomly assigned the session to one of two experimental conditions. In the hypnosis condition, the viewer was assisted into trance by an experienced hypnotist. When appropriate trance depth was achieved, the viewer was guided through a re-experience of the just completed RV session and given post hypnotic suggestions to recall all the information acquired during the session. The trance was terminated after 30 minutes and a second RV session using the same target was conducted. In the .proofread condition the viewer was given a technical report to proofread for 30 minutes before a second RV was conducted. Feedback followed the second RV session for each condition. This protocol is shown in Figure 4.


the following:

(U) Initial design considerations for mass screening hardware would include

(1) Portability, i.e., the screening unit should be easily deployable in a variety of settings; it must also be durable enough to withstand frequent relocation;
(2) Efficiency, i.e., a variety of RV target materials should be rapidly accessible, in order to exercise the range of a given subject's abilities as efficiently as possible,

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(3) Cost effectiveness, i.e., individual subject session times should be kept manageably brief to facilitate rapid turnover; this approach would also tend to sustain the subject's interest in the task, thereby maximizing the potential for success in the screening process.
(U) A preliminary survey of the extant technology for attaining these objectives indicates that the most feasible option would include a video camera, a video disk recorder, a video monitor, and a Macintosh computer. The video camera would be used to photograph a variety of target materials for frame-by-frame inclusion on the video disk. Random access to the target photographs would be computer-controlled and therefore very rapid--i.e., on the order of 0.5-second display time. The disk, monitor, and computer would comprise the equipment actually deployed to the screening site. Overall, this equipment is relatively inexpensive, portable, and durable.


• (U) This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of target categories: some may be deleted or others may beadded as the mass screening protocol is developed, deployed, and refined. The same caveat applies to other research items mentioned in this discussion. 24
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(U) tend to imply that subjects should be sought out from groups that have members with superior verbal abilities.
(U) Other candidate populations might include groups whose members exhibit superior skills in drawing, draftsmanship, or other visual abilities. This approach is suggested because pictorial representation is another rich modality for debriefing the RV signal.
(S/NF) A third approach might center on drawing from populations whose members excel at pattern recognition or in the ability to discern a tenuous signal line in a noisy background. Such groups might include Photo Interpreters (PI's) or other Intelligence specialists, for example. Also subsumed under this category are groups whose members show an aptitude for institutional decision-making--i.e., what might be referred to in the vernacular as "playing hunches." Such groups might include, for example, police detectives, businessmen who make consistently correct decisions in risky or problematical ventures, or individuals with a special proclivity for locating oil.


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(U) visual assessment by an independent analyst). Recent developments in the uses of fuzzy set theory and cluster analysis show promise for affording "on-line" analysis of RV on National Geographic Magazine targets.
(U) In the second major area of investigation, several preliminary guidelines have emerged with respect to optimizing inter-session standardization. First, screening settings must be chosen with the aim of mitigating a subject's performance anxiety: a one-on-one private or semi-private session with a trained monitor is indicated. Second, a series of general instructions must be devised that serve to inform the naive subject as to what the RV task entails. These instructions must be specific enough to elicit RV performance without biasing the subject towards any particular RV technology. Third, monitors must be thoroughly conversant with a standard set of screening procedures, in order to minimize idiosyncratic variability in such areas as feedback to the subject. Monitors may be required, for example, to memorize scripts that dictate the nature of subject/monitor interactions for each target. Scripts might also serve the function of providing the framework for the systematic elicitation of RV data along a number of predetermined dimensions--e.g., visual, conceptual, functional, depending on the nature of the target material. Fourth, a standardized questionnaire must be devised to address psychological parameters. It would include a section for standard biographical data and a section for questions drawn from the MBTI and the Psychophysical Research Laboratory's PIF. The purpose of the form would be to investigate, across a large population, whether psychological self-report correlates with RV ability. If such correlations were obtained, then the questionnaire might profitably be used as an initial pre-screening device.


(S/NF) After an overview of the Enhanced Human Performance Investigation project by May, the discussions centered upon metabolic measurements (PET) and possible physiological indicators of psychoenergetic functioning with visual evoked response.
(S/NF) Other topics that were discussed were other possible physiological areas of investigation, including technical voice analysis. It was generally decided, however, that except for PET, and certain button-pressing experiments, physiological correlates to the subtle forms of psychoenergetic functioning would be difficult to find.
(S/NF) As a direct result of the conference, the Los Alamos group will use visual evoked response techniques with the MEG to replicate earlier successful experiments demonstrating physiological responses to a remote stimulus.
(U) A number of the participants responded to the conference in letter form. These letters are contained in Appendix B.
21. (U) Objective F, Task 9--Neuropsychological Assessment
(U) During FY 1986 exploratory work was begun to attempt the discovery of neuropsychological correlates of psychoenergetic function. As part of that effort, Dr. Ralph Kiernan of the Stanford Medical School developed a battery of tests designed to test the function of the frontal lobes which he hypothesized to be involved in psychoenergetic function. As a follow-on to his theoretical formulation and hypothesis generation, Dr. Kiernan tested 37 subjects who had participated in previous RV and Search/Dowsing studies. His test battery was composed mainly of scales from Guilford's measure of intelligence, and scales were combined to give a score for productive ideation, a component directly related to positive frontal function.


(U) The scores on two of the tests, Sketches and Possible Jobs, showed high correlation with the total scores on all ten tests. Since these tests require about 15 minutes to perform and can be done in a group setting, it may be possible to use them as part of a screening effort.
22. (U) Objective F, Task 10--Investigate RV of Analytical Information
(U) In the pilot phase of the exploratory analytics program, we have continued to research some of the fundamental mechanisms of RV. The goal of these analytic experiments is to identify the internal mental processes and other variables that enhance and/or inhibit psychic functioning in forced-choice RV. We used one viewer. As during FY 1986, the FY 1987 experiments have been long distance; Viewer 002 was in New York City, and the experimenters were at SRI International in Menlo Park, California.
(U) During the first half of FY 1987, we conducted a series of approximately 300 trials of the forced-choice format where, before declaring his response, Viewer 002 stated how he felt about his contact with the target. Specifically, for each trial, he declared one of three conditions: (1) "yes," he had contact with the target, (2) "no," he did not have contact with the target, or (3) "?," he was unsure whether or not he had contact with the target. For these trials, the viewer and an experimenter communicated by telephone. Targets were objects, Zener cards, or words or numerals written on 3" x 5" cards. The experimenter, who worked in an office with a computer, chose two possible targets and described them to the viewer. Using a random number generator (RNG), the experimenter selected one of the two possible targets for the trial,


(U) The hypothesis being tested was whether Viewer 002 is able to assess, immediately before a series of trials, his ability to contact the targets for those trials, based on self-knowledge of his physical, emotional, and mental well-being at that time. If this hypothesis is true, we might expect above-chance, below-chance, and chance results (on the average) in the "plus day," "minus day," and "so-so day" conditions, respectively.
(S/NF) Of 311 trials conducted on "plus'; days, 174 were hi ts, where 156 would be expected by chance. Of 484 trials conducted on "minus" days, 243 were hits, where 242 would be expected by chance. Of 546 trials conducted on "so-so" days, 322 were hits, where 273 would be expected by chance. The sum of trials in all three conditions was 1,341, with 739 hits, where 671 would be expected by chance. The p-values (with continuity corrections) for these three conditions are 0.02, 0.48, and 1.3 x 10-5 , respectively; the p-value for the sum of all three conditions is 0.0001. From the p-values alone, it appears that the hypothesis is supported for the "plus" days, and that the viewer did better than expected for the "minus" and "so-so" days. The z-scores (with continuity corrections) for the three conditions are 2.04, 0.045, and 4.15, respectively; the z-score for the sum of all three conditions is 3.71. The effect size for the three conditions are 0.12, 0.002, and 0.18, respectively; the effect size for the sum of all three conditions is 0.10. At this time the interpretation of these results is difficult. Since the best effect size seen in these series is of the order of 0.20, a saturation effect might be in force (i.e., the best Viewer 002 can produce in a binary experiment is an effect size of 0.20).


23. (U) Objective F, Task 11--MDS and RV Data Analysis
(U) In experimental studies of remote viewing, the analysis of the resulting data for accuracy and information content has used techniques based on rankings by judges and encodings of targets and responses with sets of descriptors. Geographical locations have
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(U) frequently been used for targets, few studies have investigated what attributes of such material are preferentially conveyed or how such perceptions are represented. Elucidation of these questions might permit the construction of improved methods of judging remote viewing experiments. The analogous problems in normal perception have been investigated by studying the structure of similarity measurements. In this study these methods were applied to the case of remote viewing.
(U) In this pilot study, subjects estimated the global similarity between pairs of photographs of geographic locations. The resulting matrix of similarity values was analyzed by multidimensional scaling to give two- and three-dimensional representations of the psychological data. A method of estimating the deviation from chance expectation was developed. The results for the remote viewing pilot study were compared with structures derived by multi-dimensional scaling from a comparison study using the same targets viewed with normal visual perception. The remote viewing study shows no deviation from chance by the criterion developed here but the resulting two-dimensional semantic structure shows parallels with that from the comparison study and gives weak evidence for the existence of the underlying semantic dimensions of predominantly man-made scenes versus predominantly natural scenes and the presence versus the absence of land-water interfaces in the scenes.


a. (U) Initial System
(1) (U) Connector Noise
(U) The discriminator card is a current-sensitive preamplifier that allows the noise floor to be adjusted using the threshold control. The system uses this threshold control to calibrate the magnitude of the current pulses. One volt on the threshold line will discriminate against 2 µA of signal. If all 48 channels are high until the threshold voltage is increased to 10 volts, then the noise floor will be 20 µA. As was determined later, the alpha particles produce 40 µA pulses, not visible in the original system which exhibited 48 µA of noise. The discriminator was on the outside of the vacuum chamber and was connected to the strip detector by twisted-pair ribbon cables and two vacuum feedthroughs. The contacts on the feedthrough connectors contributed 10 µA of noise each. Because there was a connector on each side of the feedthroughs, the noise contribution was 20 µA. This was determined by unplugging the connectors on each side of the feedthroughs, one at a time, and watching the threshold voltage go down 5 volts per connector (10 µA). This noise was reduced by relocating the discriminator cards inside the vacuum chamber and eliminating the feedthroughs in this part of the circuit. Now, only logic signals pass through the feedthroughs in the base plate, not the low-level, current-sensitive lines.


(2) (U) Hybrid Preamplifiers
(U) The wiring between the strip detector and the 2735B was originally coaxial cables below the base plate and twisted pair ribbon cable inside the chamber. To reduce the noise, the twisted pair was replaced by coax inside the chamber. When it became evident that the wire was not the problem but rather that connectors were making the noise, we decided
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(U) that the 2735B cards had to be placed inside the chamber. We resisted doing this initially for several reasons:
o The 2735B cards may be damaged in a high vacuum. • Overheating may occur. • The system may be contaminated through outgassing.
(U) The heart of the 2735B is four custom hybrids called HILs. We were concerned that these sealed hybrids would not work under high vacuum, but LeCroy guaranteed us that they could even be used in deep space. The HILs require 1.5 amps at -5 volts and thus produce a great deal of heat. Without convection cooling in the vacuum chamber, overheating could make long runs impossible. To solve this, we used the strip-detector mounting plate as a heat sink and mounted the 2735B cards on it backwards, with the HILs sandwiched in between the PC board and the plate. A leaf of indium foil was inserted between the HIL and the plate to provide better heat conduction. Using the mounting plate as a heat sink, we stabilized the temperature of the HILs to 50°C. Our last reservation about mounting the HILs in a vacuum was our concern for outgassing. This would lower our vacuum pressure and distort the path of the alpha particles. However, no outgassing has yet been detected.


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(U) discriminator inputs from the environmental noise. Using the metal mesh cage around the glass bell jar as a Faraday shield and covering it with aluminum foil helped to increase the noise immunity to high-frequency noise injection inside the chamber. To reduce emitted EMI, the computer and printer were removed from the CAMAC rack and placed 15 feet away from the experiment. This did not change the system noise and the computer was put back in the rack.
e. ECL Logic Levels (U) Another problem that could be causing the parallel noise pulse is a weak
ECL logic level on the discriminator outputs. The ECL output voltage is lower than specified but is just within operating range. There is a 200-mV, 60-Hz ac sine wave riding on the logic output. Combining the low logic level with the 60-Hz noise puts the logic level right on the edge of the threshold between a logic 1 and 0. A very small signal on this line, such as an environmental event, could be just enough to lower all logic levels. The weak logic level on the discriminator output is not being caused by the coincidence register or the parallel OR gate loading it down. The logic levels do not change when the registers are disconnected; loading the 2735B has no effect.


(U) The following data represent a sample of each type of noise. The data were taken over a period of one-half hour with threshold voltage set at 15 volts and the curium source set at a distance of 1 cm.
Spurious. intermittent. random noise 1-16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17-32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 36 833 3 4 78 0 14 0 33-48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Parallel noise pulses 1-16 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 17-32 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 40 22 848 0 8 71 1 13 1 33-48 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 The following is a chart of eight, one-half-hour sessions compiled with all the random noise pulses displayed on the same histogram, and with the curium source present but subtracted from the data:
1-16 0 0 1 3 o. 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2
17-32 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33-48 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 0
h. (U) Proposed System Testing And Modifications (U) We are now able to demonstrate the presence of the alpha particle beam
well above the noise floor. Three different software packages have been debugged and can be used to give us maximum flexibility in the way we collect and display the data. Both types of noise still exist but we now have a better understanding of the noise and the limitations of the system. In order to meet the requirements of the RA experiments, the alpha particle system must be noiseless except for the beam. In order to examine and, if possible, exclude all remaining noise, the following tests and modifications are suggested:


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• Separate vacuum system and CAMAC crate/electronics by 10-20 feet. • Monitor outlying random noise channel with charge-sensitive (pulse
shape) electronics. • Retest, examine, and, if necessary, modify 2735B to increase the ECL
logic to -2 volts. • Purchase a new, microstrip detector selected for low-noise
characteristics. Price $3,000, with delivery in 3-6 months. • Slowly and carefully move detector connections on present microstrip
device to examine the noise performance of all 48 strip combinations. • Using EMI equipment and appropriate spectrum analyzers,. retest the
ambient electro-magnetic noise environment.
(1) (U) Detector Instrumentation
(U) During FY 1986, all necessary detector apparatus was specified and purchased, or was fabricated. During the first half of FY 1987, this equipment was tested for use in the proposed RA experiment and modified or improved where necessary. The radioactive source has been verified using a separate detector system, and was found to be in the range of ....., 100 counts per second, which will be adequate for the experiment. The operation of the multiple-strip detector system has also been tested using a single-channel preamplifier unit and found to be functioning properly when the system noise has been filtered by an appropriate amplifier time constant. Principal difficulties encountered in the pilot work with the detector centered on proper alignment of 48 parallel channels and suppression of electronic noise pickup from the environment. The first problem was solved by careful checking and rerouting all wires, vacuum feedthrough connectors, and computer register inputs. Noise interference has been suppressed by several techniques, including identifying and removing ground loops, establishing a substantial ground plane next to the detector, supplying a shielded connector inside the vacuum chamber, and replacing twisted pair wires with coaxial cable.


(2) (U) Data Display
(U) With the help of an SRI Geoscience and Engineering Center specialist in real-time computer systems, the LSI 11/23 computer, the Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) interface, and data inputs have been made operational. We now are able to identify which of 48 possible detector strips have been activated, save those data, and rapidly reinitialize the system for another cycle. The information is then transmitted via the CAMAC interface to the LSI 11/23 computer, where it is stored in a memory buffer, then
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shown on a video-display screen. In parallel, the pattern of activated strips for all 48 locations is printed for later inspection. At present, this process is repeated each time any detector strip has been enabled.
(3) (U) Artifactual Influences
(U) We have initiated environmental measurements of potential sources of artifact, which may influence the flight of the particles or may add extra noise to the electronics. The room in which the apparatus is located also contains a transmission electron microscope (TEM), with its attendant high-voltage power supply and typical industrial fluorescent lighting--as well as the video-display terminal and other computer equipment. Measurements of magnetic-field transients indicated a need for some shielding near the detector apparatus. This shield will served to suppress ambient electric fields. A TOPAZ power conditioner was purchased and installed to suppress or eliminate power line surges resulting from switching of other nearby apparatus such as the TEM mentioned above. The unit meets severe IEEE and Mil-Std specifications for noise and transient suppression, and appears to have successfully eliminated such problems.


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28. (U) Objective I, Task 1--Meta-Analysis of RNG Data Base (U) This work is being conducted under subcontract with Psychophysical Research
Laboratories (PRL) in Princeton, New Jersey. The PRL Purchase Order Contract was let August 4, 19 87 with the first deliverable due at the end of the first quarter of FY 19 88.
29. (U) Objective I, Task 2--Test of IDS Model with "Dynamic" Systems (U) A computer test of the Intuitive Data Sorting (IDS) model has been carried
forward from the FY 1986 tasking. The primary reason for this delay was that only one out of the 100 individuals tested was able to demonstrate psychoenergetic ability during the FY 1986 screening phase. Because the IDS model is such an important model for the program at large, we will continue to screen for talented participants.
(U) A modification to the computer program was made in order to provide information about the details of the button-press timing. Because of the nature of pseudorandom number generators, adjacent seeds do not produce nearly identical sequences. Thus, the remarkable 1-ms timing reported by Radin and May3 appears to be a methodological artifact. We incorporated a simple seed transformation in order to have the significant seeds be evenly spaced in time. Thus, the IDS experiment is expected to yield results with regard to the model, as well as with regard to human timing ability under psychoenergetic conditions.


(U) cost of the contract will be shared by those requesting coverage, and thus the cost to the project is not yet known. Nonetheless, the cost will be at least 50% less than previously paid.
(U) Since the beginning of FY 1987, approximately $7,000 has been spent for hardware repairs to monitors, video controller boards, and power supplies. In the past, it has been more expensive to buy hardware maintenance coverage than to pay for individual repairs. Currently, SRI is negotiating a hardware maintenance contract with Sun to cover all Sun systems at SRI; this contract is expected to be as advantageous as the software contract. Once this agreement is in place, key nodes in the system will be placed on a hardware maintenance contract.
(U) Of the 13 Sun Microsystems workstations used by the group, all are in working order, and only one is off line--pending the completion of software and hardware modifications to the tachistiscope experiment.
(U) When the Sun 3/280 file server was brought on line in mid-March, the most recent version of the UNIX operating system (Version 3.2) was installed. The most recent version of the Unify data base program (Version 2.0), along with a new window-based interface (SunSimplify), will be installed in mid-April. Unlike the old data base system, which was slow and complex, the Unify system will provide rapid ana easy access to data from any workstation on the network.


(verbatim transcription--not edited)

NAME:

Brian Skyrms

Comments:

1. This careful review concludes that the PAS will not be useful for the purposes envisioned. The conclusion appears warranted.

Recommend:

Yes

11-18-87

NAME:

Mike Wartell

Comments:

1. Good descriptive report on PAS methodology. Does not really detail usefulness or lack-of same to the project. Does not really report correlation of results, and is, therefore, functionally different from other reports.

Recommendation: Yes

11-11-87

NAME: Comments:
1. 2. 3.
4.

Philip Zimbardo
This is an excellent review which could be published in a professional journal with minor revision. Need to mention that the PAS has also been rejected by psychologists because it is a type theory at a time when typologies are not in vogue. I accept the conclusions reached that there is limited utility of PAS for RV screening. It should also be noted that a reason for the obscure status of PAS is the fact that early research was probably classified, since it was part of the CIA's program of identifying target individuals for various mind/behavior modification attempts Five characteristics of individual's that might correlate with RV ability: 1. Openness to new experiments (paper and pencil test). 2. Remote associates test (paper and pencil test). 3. Tolerance for ambiguity.


Comments:

1. Design and analysis of experiments are acceptable. Experiment appears to have been carefully accomplished.

Recommendation: Yes

11-11-87

NAME:

Nicholas Yaru

Comments:

1. I agree with the conclusion that the Chinese experimenters observed the results of transients. This is conclusive data to terminate this experiment. The shielding and signal processing techniques you have evolved should be useful in future work.

Recommendation: Yes

·12-21-87

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SOC Reviewers' Comments on Objective E, Task 2 (Experimental Protocol For Hemolysis: Confirmation Experiment)
(verbatim transcription--not edited)

NAME:

Herbert L. Ley

Comments:

1. The report is excellent. There is one variable that I did not pick up in earlier reviews (probably because with 32 subjects the drawing of blood must be staggered) that could be looked at in greater depth. Blood samples were drawn for 14 to 42 hours before the experimental period. This is a three-fold variation in time. Although ACD is a good blood preservative, it does not totally eliminate the effects of aging on red cell fragitity. Therefore, the time between drawing blood and the testing could be influencing results. Critics of this experiment may be expected to focus on this uncontrolled variable.


Page 6. Is there any meaning to the numerical ordering of seed numbers? How are the "random" numbers generated by two successive seed numbers related?

Recommendation: Yes

11-13-87

Response To S. James Press' Comments:

NAME: 1.
2.

Jessica Utts
Response to comment 2: Details about the pseudo-random number generator used in our experiments are being sent to Dr. Press.
Response to comment 3: The experiments discussed in this section of the report are based on true random sources, so the sequences are not determined by a seed, but rather are generated after the buttons are pressed. Thus, one would need access to future events. The experiments we conducted, using a

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pseudo-random number generator, would require access to future events only to account for human reaction time to press the button. We have not claimed otherwise in this report.
3 Response to comment 4: The statement in question is a philosophical one. If the future is already determined, and if precognition exists, then one might expect that perfectly reliable information about the future would sometimes be available. However, it appears that precognition does not operate that way. Instead, from the potential futures, those predicted in precognition trials appear to be actualized at a higher rate than expected by chance. This indicates that certain future


3. External contractors. There seems to be bad luck with a lot of external experimentation. It would be better to concentrate on in-house experimentation which can be tightly controlled.

Recommendation: Yes

11-13-87

NAME: Comments:
1. 2. 3.
4.

Michael Wartell
Hypnosis experiment shows promise. Some stylistic changes needed in report as noted.
Page 22, paragraph 2. Discussion not productive. Simply state that further study is necessary but don't blame lack of significance on small sample size.
Screening. For future screening, identify high possible payoff target populations based on intuitively derived characteristics, e.g., successfully dealing with ambiguity. Thus, I would suggest making educated guesses concerning target populations without doing strictly random sampling. Additionally, I am unsure that the psychological profile information provides enough information for aid with the screening process. Automated procedures are not only a good idea, but a necessary one.
I am also highly supportive of the dynamic target set option. Add to the parameters for developing a screening mechanism the idea that extremely low labor intensiveness is critical. Methodology: I'm not sure standardization is as important as speed and ease of application--after all, this is screening, not research. I can't get over the feeling that the screening protocol discussions describe potential methodologies that border on the baroque.


Once again, many thanks for the stimulating conference.
~·
Deborah Arthur
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~ SPECTRA Research Institute 3700 Osuna Rd. NE, #503 Albuquerque, New Mexico 87109 (505) 344-1040
September 2, 1987
Dr. Peter J. McNelis c/o Ms. Cathy Flowers SRI International, G-206 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, California 94025
Dear Peter,
I was glad to have the opportunity to speak briefly with you yesterday. As I mentioned, I am sorry for the delay in getting my comments to you. Things have been rather hectic since our meeting and time for quiet reflection hard to come by.
Starting premises
Making my premises explicit seems an appropriate way to begin, starting with an acceptance, at least implicitly implied as a basis for our symposium, of the proposition that there are real behavioral phenomena that correlate with observable events shielded from human senses, and the possibility that a second class of events are produced by humans without mechanical interaction (the notion of time, or the time correlation of these events, will be introduced later). Given this generalized begi1U1ing, the premises I wish to introduce are that neuronal activity in the brain determines behavior, that with physiological methods it is possible to look at macroscopic brain state phenomena, and that EEG/MEG techniques provide a window into objective information on brain states. (Other physiological correlates such as GSR and EMG may also yield useful quantitative information, but for now, let the burden of the discussion fall on the EEG). Additionally, it is assumed that pervasive parallel processing obscures (even at one locus) single pieces of information unless special techniques such as time-averaging are used.


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to examine as regards experimental design, including choice and application of data analysis techniques.
Training and screening
As regards experimental RV subjects, I feel a need to be convinced that there is no training effect possible with known adepts. At least with respect to quality of RV responses, I have been exposed to information claiming that enhanced quality of RV responses due to specific physiological training techniques was possible; don't know if the claim is true or not, but I find it conceivable that an induced change in brain state such that a higher percentage of the subject's time can be spent at his/her cortical tone rest frequency (read alpha frequency) under alert, rest conditions would contribute to improved performance. The brief question I raised at the symposium regarding this issue was not really answered or discussed due to the press of time.
On another tack, I believe I remember commentary at the symposium to the effect that to date no personality screening techniques were able to separate RV adepts from non-adepts. My follow-on question to this, given Ed's proposal of time-independence for RV phenomena, is whether PAS or some other test(s) might separate those adepts who are good at precognitive RV from those who are not? If there is a separation, this raises other questions that may impact the experimental design, how the ERP data is taken, and analysis.


ELF and the brain state panorama
Perhaps a physiological screening technique for adepts is possible based on their normal EEG "alpha" rest frequency. The suggestion is that there may be a useful correlation between rest frequency and RV ability (as there may be between EEG rest frequency and EM sensitivity), based in part on some of my other endeavors with which you are familiar. As I mentioned to you at one our breaks, some attention still needs to be paid to the tenability of an ELF hypothesis despite negative glib arguments to the contrary. The Schumann ELF resonances yield a continuous, uniform field operating in a transverse magnetic mode that does not attenuate as the inverse square of distance. It is at least coincidence that the brain is upset sensitive to H-component frequencies outside the first Schumann resonance frequency regime, and will try to decode ELF frequencies or modulations that look like the brain's own signaling system. Conventional shielded rooms should improve performance for remote viewers inside them, as the rooms will diminish EM noise with which the brain may have to contend, but the rooms do nothing to block ELF. RV performed in a specially shielded MEG room may be a tougher test but an H- component attenuation of 2000 at 10 Hz (such as the room at LANL) still may not block RV even on an ELF hypothesis. Further, an ELF hypothesis for RV can be envisioned that does not entail sending/receiving information with a hi.tman as its point source and thereby the usual inverse square problem (not to mention power generation and antenna length), but rather coding/decoding by the brain on/from an already continuously existing, uniform field ELF carrier containing information. In addition, known brain architecture reveals millions or tens of millions of potential simultaneous information processing channels rather than a single channel operating under Shannon bit information constraints appropriate to a single ELF input channel. With regard to timing, since we're


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dealing with Maxwell's equations, I have no a priori difficulty contemplating advanced potential solutions as part of this information transmission possibility, thereby leading into the precognitive realm or what may be called advanced time (AT) solutions. In fact, the paper by Nelson, Jahn, and Dunne given to us by Ed at the end of the symposium has in it a time event density plot that looks suspiciously as though it might be gaussian if the number of events on an ordinate scale were plotted along the same time axis. The number of events appear to fall off sharply in either direction at about three days but there would still be a small finite probability at longer times in either direction. I suspect such a plot could afford some interesting discussion with respect to Maxwell's theory.
Neuro team member(s)
Some commentary was made regarding having a neurologist aboard as a team member. Most neurologists are trained intensively to look for si.gns of human pathology and may not be expert in the neurology of the normal, so one would want to be sure of their motivation and expertise as a team member oriented to look at human potential, and perhaps new neurological phenomena. In any case, it would be most desirable if a new person is added that besides the requisite background he/she be thoroughly fascinated with brain states and coding phenomena in the brain, for I think that it is from those issues that the break will come.


Miscellaneous comments on RV and PK
For RV at t = +O; O, or -0 a known event either existed, exists now or
will exist as arranged by some action. The issue is therefore access to an information "channel". If there is a possibility in PK that there is no human instituted action but rather an adept is proficient at picking out anomalies in real, past, or advanced time then we are also left with the issue of information "channel" access, as in RV. In both cases, the EEG experimental design could encompass multiple instances of time-locked events to produce ERP experiments, and time-averaging procedures to extract the signal from the background activities. From just an on-going EEG record of subjects in an experimental situation nothing of any critical significance should be expected to be extracted since the signal being looked for is totally masked by myriad other processing activities. Given a time-locked approach, analysis is suggested for times prior to time zero as well as subsequent to time zero, as will be remembered from my comments at the blackboard. To produce multiple instances of time-locked events of PK, I suggest something akin to the ping-pong ball normal distribution experiment. In this case, time-average those events to the right and left as independent groups, and in the ERP analyses look for significant differences etc.


As we discussed in Menlo Park, the magnetic shielded room could be of use for measuring the influence of very low frequency magnetic fields on subjects. We can do this in a variety of ways which could involve repeating of some of your standard RV experiments inside the room, repeating the EEG experiment you did inside the shielded room or looking at the influence of the room on some evoked response studies such as I will suggest below. Obviously such experiments will need to be done at Los Alamos or some other shielded room. (Actually, there is some sort of room at Stanford used for magnetotelluric studies but it is primarily a DC shielded room using iron instead of mu-metal).
A second category of experiments involves the use of evoked responses (ER) for measuring time locked responses. Again, many of these were discussed at the Menlo Park meeting. However, to summarize the discussions as I see them, I would like to make the following comments. Th~ RV experiments could be timed locked to the prompt word or some other type of stimulus. These experiments should be first done with EEG to look for effects and then could be done with MEG to localize physiological features if the EEg results are positive. A more definitive experiment along these lines would be the light or auditory experiment using stimuli from other rooms and time locking the recording of ER's to stimuli presentation. The original stimuli should be local so that the ER's could be examined for their patterns for each subject and the subject would know what the stimuli were. Again these could be done first with EEG although the MEG setup is directly applicable. The EEG could be done at SRI, Los Alamos or another contractor. There are many variations of these experiments which could be examined if they are of interest. Again the effect of the shielded room would be interesting.


Dear Ed:

I'm writing to thank you and Peter and your colleagues for introducing me to a most interesting field and. including me among a fascinating group of participants--and for your warm hospitality. I'm writing also to summarize my thoughts regarding the problems of the present state of development of your program and a few recommendations for future research.

First, some general comments:

0 The "science" of the present efforts at SRI International is a welcome finding in a field overloaded with interesting anecdotes and poorly-designed experiments--and apparently some fraud. Your background as a well-trained broadly-experienced and accomplished physical scientist lends great credibility to the work. I liked your open, honest presentation style.

0 It's an enormously difficulty field to study well and your interest in moving more deeply into the "basic science" aspects of the phenomena and observations is welcome. My intuition tells me that there won't be much found by physiological research studies the first time around--but the success record of my intuition isn't very good in fields I know little about. Yet, even if that turns out to be true, it should not disuade you from carrying out a series of carefully-designed and conducted studies using the best methodologies and technologies available. You may get interesting and perhaps useful results. You may get some leads that will direct future research efforts that will be successful. And/or you will bring into the field a corps of first-class scientists and graduate students who, over time, may or will come up with answer This last isn't a trivial outcome.


0 I realize there have been some studies of primitive organ1z1sms (algae) and even cells, but further studies at these levels of complexity might be productive. For example, a colleague of mine at Michigan State University in the Department of Pediatrics (Dr. James Trosko) is very successful in studying cell--cell connnunication. It would be useful to know if such systems could be perturbed.
0 I agree with you that a high priority ought to be assigned to the discovery of means to screen larger groups to uncover people with high performance capabilities.
Finally, it might be time or organize and carry out a two-four day "idea session", bringing together very creative scientists from a variety of fields who can be stimulated to elicit new and promising approaches to
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address your problems. These sessions are difficult to pull off. Such groups must be brought together by one or two very well respected scientists who can recruit other top flight scientists from many fields. They must be introduced to the fields sufficiently, comprehensively, to give them a pretty good understanding of the issues. And, the discussions must be structured to prevent them from being unfocused and nonproductive. Kindling creativity and focusing it into certain directions using brilliant, independent scientists is an awesome challenge--but it is doable sometimes. I enjoyed my trip. Good luck!


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Peter J. McNelis, DSW
CONTRACTING OFFICER'S TECHNICAL REPRESENTATIVE

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ABSTRACT
Two remote viewers participated in an experiment to determine whether the overall quality of remote viewing (RV) would be enhanced by a hypnotic trance. Each viewer participated in 16 RV sessions while in trance. No significant evidence of psychoenergetic functioning was obtained, and comparisons with previous work by the same viewers were therefore rendered moot. Implications of these results for further research are discussed.
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I 11''TRODUCTION
J A. Overview
1 Since the time of Mesmer, hypnosis has been associated with purponed manifestations of psychic ability. In his four-volume classic, DingwalJ1 • compiled anecdotal evidence of this association. Recent experimental work comparing extrasensory perception (ESP) performance after hypnotic induction with performance under control conditions has been reviewed by Hononon and Krippner2 and Schechter.3 With a total of 25 such comparisons, in


as a pool of potential targets for RV experiments were arranged in 20 packets of 5 targets each.
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] The 5 targets within a packet were selected on the basis of their dissimilarity (i.e., to be as different from one another as possible). A specific target appeared in one and only one packet. Targets were stored individually in a manila folder for ease of handling during the experiment. \Vhen a target was selected for a trial, the folder containing the target was removed from the stack of targets and placed in a designated spot for the trial.
Target selection for a specific trial was conducted just before each experimental RV
l session by a research assistant after the viewer, hypnotist, and monitor were sequestered in the remote viewing room. While they were aware of the general nature of the pool, the viewer, experimenter, hypnotist, and assistant remained blind to the specific target photograph until after each trial was completed. Using a pseudorandom algorithm seeded by a computer system clock, a target packet was selected from the target pool and, by the same technique, a target was selected from within the designated packet. Targets were chosen with replacement, so that the same target could be selected more than once. A total of 16 targets was randomly selected for 16


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IV DISCUSSION
RV has been demonstrated to be a weak phenomenon such that success on any given study cannot be expected 100 percent of the time. The following discussion focuses on three other possibilities for failure to achieve positive results in this study.
The first possibility is that the hypnotic trance was disruptive to the usual RV processes. Since each of the viewers had participated in well over 100 previous RV trials, their panicular methods of producing an RV response were relatively habituated. The viewers received no panicular training on how to perform under trance, how the RV experience would differ while in trance, or extensive practice with hypnosis RV sessions. It seems reasonable to conclude that the addition of a training period prior to the taking of experimental data may have produced more positive results.
Conversely it may be that the demands of the RV production process are such that the trance state is not at all conducive to producing high-quality RV. If this is so, then a decrease in performance over time might be expected as the viewers become accomplished at trance induction and deepening. Both viewers showed a tendency in the direction of decreasing


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THE EFFECTS OF HYPNOSIS ON REMOTE VIEWING QUALITY (U)

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ABSTRACT (U)
- Two remote viewers panicipated in an experiment to determine whether the overall quality of remote viewing (RV) would be enhanced by a hypnotic trance. Each viewer panicipated in 16 RV sessions while in trance. No significant evidence of psychoenergetic functioning was obtained, and comparisons with previous work by the same viewers were therefore rendered moot. Implications of these results for further research are discussed .
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III RESULTS (U)
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" A. (U) Hypnotizability scales
(U) Our experienced viewer (No. 372) produced a score of 10 on the 12-point hypnotizability scales, a 92 centile equivalent. Though he was unable to inhibit hand movement on suggestion, failed to respond to a hallucinated voice item, and experienced conflict during value and meaning alterations, he produced a deep state of relaxation, became absorbed in imagery processes, was able to regress, performed posthypnotic suggestions, and showed amnesia and hypermnesia, trance logic, cognitive and role distortion. Imaginal ability was highly rated with the ability to create, manipulate, and experience imagery in all sensory fields especially when the image was positive and productive.


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IV DISCUSSION (U)
(~ RV has been demonstrated to be a weak phenomenon such that success on any
given swd~2Jnnot be expected 100 percent of the time. The following discussion focuses on
three other .possibilities for failure to achieve positive results in this study.
- The first possibility is that the hypnotic trance was disruptive to the usual RV processes. Since each of the viewers had participated in well over 100 previous RV trials, their panicular methods of producing an RV response were relatively habituated. The viewers received no particular training on how to perform under trance, how the RV experience would differ while in trance, or 'extensive practice with hypnosis RV sessions. It seems reasonable to conclude that the addition of a training period prior to the taking of experimental data may have produced more positive results.
-Conversely it may be that the demands of the RV production process are such that the. trance state is not at all conducive to producing high-quality RV. If this is so, then a decrease in performance over time might be expected as the viewers become accomplished at trance induction and deepening. Both viewers showed a tendency in the direction of decreasing


intended target is chosen by a random number generator, the cross-hatched histogram is a simple test of the randomization algorithm. To test the null hypothesis that the proportions are the same in the two distributions, a chi-square was computed where the expected value in each cell was the row-total times the column-total divided by the grand-total. The proportions are
= =significantly different for these distributions (X2 15.35, df 6; p S 0.018). Thus it is unlikely
that judging bias in favor of the most complex target can account for the overall significant evidence of RV during FY 1987.

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(U) COMPLEXITY DISTRIBUTIONS FOR FIRST-RANKED AND INTENDED TARGETS

B. (U) Target Pool Reduction
(U) To provide a more manageable target pool for rank-order judging, we reduced the original National Geographic magazine target pool from 200 to 100 targets. The fuzzy set approach, in conjunction with cluster analysis, was used to produce 20 sets of 5 orthogonal targets. These sets were "fine tuned" by visual inspection to provide the best possible target sets. Approximately 20 percent of the targets required changing. The set of 100 targets was photographed and duplicated to form to identical target pools, one for analysis purposes only and the other for target purposes only. Separating these functions into two separate pools ensured that there could be no inadvertent handling cues (i.e., the experiment team "marking" the intended target so the analyst could recognize it).


(U) To determine whether such an information encoding made sense, it was important to develop a criterion to define success. Since we could use the above formulation for the actual response, the modified (by the bias) responses, or a set of randomly assigned cross-matches
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- (U) (i.e., responses assigned to targets that were not the intended target for the session), we were able to explore a number of options. If the information channel is not saturated, then it is reasonable to assume that the more information available in the target, the more information could be received via remote viewing. The criterion that was adopted was that the information
- calculated from a set of randomly selected cross-matches could not show significant correlations with the complexity (defined by the sigma count) of the associated targets. (S/NF) Unfortunately, this method failed. A strong correlation was found between the cross matches and target complexity. In retrospect, the problem is obvious. Even using the modified responses, the probability of a match with a random target increases with target complexity (i.e., the more that is said, the more likely that there is a match to a random target).


3.781 where the expected average was 4.00 (z = 1.87; p < 0.031). Thus, even including the
real-time versus precognition experiment which failed to reach independent statistical significance, the total RV effort for FY 1987 showed statistical evidence for remote viewing.
(U) One of the most pressing problems in remote viewing is to determine the quantitative amount of information that is transferred. Before any basic physics model of remote viewing can be developed, it is critical to know the amount of information. There have been a number of attempts to quantify the information content in natural scenes in the past, but none of them appeared to work as a description of even that target portion of the remote viewing. It is an even more difficult problem to codify the information content in natural language (i.e, the response).
(U) A number of attempts were made during FY 19 88 to use various entropy encodings in order to discover what is required for more precise determinations. None of the attempts produced satisfactory results. We speculate that there may by a fundamental limit to information encoding of an RV experiment. The limit arises in that is appears impossible to tell whether a particular target element is sensed by RV techniques or is simply due to a natural bias on the part of the viewer. It may be possible, however, to construct an information encoding based on a measure of a'verage response bias. Much more work is needed before an accurate encoding is possible.


Recommendation:

Yes

November 4, 1988

NAME:

James Press

Comments:

1. Viewer should n.Q1 be permitted to choose targets.

2. Viewer should be assigned a daily number of trials, preferred to be the same each day. The 50 trials experiment should be repeated.

3. Experiment should be constructed in which the same viewer is used in 50 forced choice trials and another 50 in non-forced choice binary trials, and the 2 sets of results could be compared to suggest evidence for which task is harder.

Recommendation: Yes

November 4, 1988

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Brian Skyrms

Comments:

l. The first experiment is well-designed and carefully done, as a demonstration of RV ability. Source of noise not really determined.
2. A tighter protocol. Future replications could be made even were airtight as follows: Give the subject a computer and modem. Let him call up and establish link with your computer; type in the two possible targets. Your computer selects one and puts the image in video; his computer signals him in 1 minute and he types in his selection. This is logged by your computer and correct selection is sent to him. End trial! No human here need know anything during the trial.


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- REVIEWER'S COM1\1ENTS
- The attached report titled: -
has been reviewed by the undersigned. My assessment of the research design, statistical protocols employed, the analyses of the
data, and conclusions reached in this report is as follows:
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Additional comments:
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.. General Response to the Scientific Oversight Committee's Comments

NAME:

Edwin C. May, SRI International

Comments:

1. All the technical suggestions by the SOC have been incorporated in the FY 19 88 final reports.

2. All the positive comments are appreciated, and require no response from SRI.

3. Two specific items have been addressed in response to Professor Zimbardo's comments. Both of his comments reflect a general feeling of the Committee at large. Therefore, SRI provides a general response.

4. Given that SRI is researching a controversial area, it is always tempting to think of each experiment as an attempt at proof-of-principle. In all cases except the forced-choice remote viewing, the protocols were designed to answer specific questions assuming the existence of an anomaly. The formal protocols are designed to eliminate all sources of known sensory leakage, but are not as complete as they would be in a proof-of-principle experiment.


6. Good strategy. Is yield of only 2 good RV's considered "good"?

Recommendation: Yes

November 4, 1988

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Response to P. Zimbardo's Comments:

NAME: Comments:
1.

Nevin Lantz, SRI Response
The final version of the screening report was changed to reflect the questions reflected in the reviewers' comments. Two methodological problems raised by Zimbardo will be discussed in detail.
The first deals with his suggestion of using multiple judges in analyzing an RV response. Since the intent of the screening investigation was to locate excellent remote viewers, the kinds of controls that would be necessary in a proof-of-principle experiment are not necessary. We agree with Zimbardo that multiple judges would be a significant improvement to our research protocols and we intend to add that feature in the future.
The second problem--having an informed, involved, monitor present--highlights a "political" difficulty more than a scientific one. The analysis (rank order judging assumes that the viewer and the monitor know the target pool in detail (i.e., a one-in-n forced choice). In fact, the analysis holds even if the viewer had the set of 5 targets in the pool in front of him/her during the session. Since our viewers participate in multiple sessions (e.g., 40 in our tachistoscope experiment), and since we provide trial-by-trial feedback, it is impossible to prevent the viewer from knowing something about the target pool. (It was this consideration that inspired the on-in-n analysis procedure in the first place.)


We recognize the need of providing exceptional proof for exceptional claims, and will continue to improve the protocols.

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SOC Reviewers' Comments, Objective D, Task 1 (Neurophysiological Correlates To Remote Viewing)
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NAME:

Herb Ley

Comments:

1. This is a fascinating new technology for the study of neuronal activity. The two pronged research design is well presented and appropriate for the MEG technology. The statistical analysis is complicated by the lack of independence of data and the Jack of stationarity. The Monte Carlo approach proposed looks like a good start for analysis. Perhaps other approaches may turn up given more experience with the study.

2. I am familiar with some of Dr. Robert Ornstein's work and publications, and
hold him in high regard. For some time I have been interested in the use of auditory stimuli, in addition to visual stimuli, for modification of CNS rhythms. You might want to discuss with Ornstein and consider the use of auditory stimuli in this protocol. In particular, I am interested in low frequency (ca. 4 Hz) stimuli as used in a number of cultures in native "fold medicine" - e.g., Malaysian drumming, native American drumming, and Tibetan Buddhist chants. This sort of auditory stimulus is far removed from RV, so it may be outside your research boundaries. Nevertheless it is just as much a "stimulus" as light, and appears to have significant effects on mental functioning in certain cultures.


(S/NF) As the project draws to a conclusion some overall evaluation of all the research should be made. To that end, the staff at SRI International is preparing a meta-analysis of each research topic. In general, it can be said that the researchers worked hard, were honest and always gave their best effort. The quality of the work, however, varied from excellent to poor. This should not be surprising as in any new field of scientific research many mistakes are made. So, rather than looking back we should look at the quality of the research going on now. It is creditable and the SRI research greatly exceeds the work on psychoenergetics being done at other laboratories.
(S/NF) Perhaps the most important aspect that needs to be looked at is, "where are we now?" It is immediately apparent that we are now much further along than we were 15 years ago. The crux is that, currently we are not at a point where complete and accurate descriptions of any and every operational target is possible. It appears we are many years away from being able to do that. Target descriptions by remote viewers still contain a considerable amount of incorrect data and some good data. Over the years the research has made inroads toward increasing the proportion of good data. Does this mean that we should abandon the research or the goal of making it an intelligence collection tool? I think not.


description could have been incorrect, but the session would have to be rated as extremely successful.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (U)
SUMMARY (U) .............................................................. ii LIST OF FIGURES (U) ...................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii PREFACE (U) ............................................................. viiii
I SECTION 1. THE EARLY YEARS--CIA (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II SECTION 2. THE SERVICE YEARS--ARMY, NAVY, AIR FORCE (S/NF) . 7
A. Navy (S/NF) .................................................. 7 B. Air Force (S/NF) .............................................. 9 C. Army (S/NF) ................................................. 25 III SECTION 3. EARLY DIA SUPPORT (S/NF) .......................... 33 IV SECTION 4. THE JOINT SERVICE PROGRAM (U) ................... 36 A. FY 1981 (U) ................................................. 36 B. FY 1982 (U) ................................................. 43 C. FY 1983 (U) ................................................. 45 V SECTION 5. THE GRILL FLAME EVALUATION (S/NF) .............. 48


- C. The Third Year--FY 1988 (U) .................................. 58 VIII THE DIA PROGRAM--FY 1989 (U) ................................. 59
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1. Comparison of Target Site and Drawing by Remote Viewer (S/NF) ............... 3
- 2. Remote Sensing EEG Experiment (S/NF) .................................... 8 3. Penetration Strategies (U) ................................................ 11
.... 4. Local Target in Palo Alto (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Long Distance Target, The Louisiana Super Dome (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
- 6. Coordinate Remote Viewing, Air Supported Building at Sylvania Near Palo Alto (U) 14 7. Rocket Test Site (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 8. Remote Viewing, A Soviet Airport (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 9. Target Objects in Metal Containers (U) ..................................... 19 10. "Pyrophoric" Explosion of Nuclear Material (S/NF) .......................... 24 11. Stanford Art Museum Target (U) .......................................... 28


(U) The author of the report is Washington D.C. 20340-6053

Defense Intelligence Agency, DT-SA

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SECTION 1. THE EARLY YEARS--CIA (U)
(S/NF) The Central Intelligence Agency was the first government
- organization to investigate parapsychology as it pertains to intelligence collection. Their work was initiated in 1961 when the Office of Technical Service OTS (then the Technical Services Division) became interested in ESP claims. Under the auspices of Project ULTRA, Stephen I. Abrams, Director of the Parapsychological Laboratory, Oxford University, England, reviewed parapsychological research and prepared an article stating that, at most, ESP had been demonstrated but was neither understood or controllable. After that effort, the field lay dormant at CIA for 10
- years. (S/NF) In 1972 Russell Targ, then a SRI, contActed the CIA to discuss paranormal abilities. He proposed a demonstration of psychokinetic abilities at SRI. For the demonstration, a subject with psychokinetic abilities was taken to a super conducting shielded magnetometer and was able to visibly disturb the output signal by placing his attention on the interior of the magnetometer. This was followed by an additional few days of work in August, 1972, where further demonstrations of psychic ability were presented. The cost for this effort was $874.00. Another work order for $2,500 was then issued to develop a complete research plan. The result was a $50,000 contract for an expanded effort in parapsychology. It was at this time that the work caught the interest of the Office of Research and Development (ORD) at the CIA.


(S/NF) As part of the expanded effort, a remote viewing (RV) experiment was conducted in the summer of 1973 that further stimulated CIA sponsored investigations of parapsychology. Geographic coordinates of a vacation property were given to an SRI subject. Having no more information than the coordinates, he described the site as being a military-like facility. As the coordinates were for a vacation cottage, the response was believed to be incorrect. However, the CIA went to the site several months later to investigate it more thoroughly and discovered a sensitive government installation a few miles from the vacation property. The subject was then asked to view the interior of the installation. When all the data were reviewed the quality of the
- experimental results was judged to be mixed.
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(S/NF) The mix of good and bad results from RV experiments continued throughout the next 10 years. Only in the last few years have we begun to understand some of the causes of wrong data. When CIA reviewed the experiments conducted, they thought the results impressive enough to warrant a jointly funded program (ORD and OTS) to begin in February, 1974. In this program, the ORD funds were to be used for basic scientific studies, such as the identification of measurable physiological or psychological characteristics of psychic individuals, and to develop experimental protocols for validating paranormal abilities. The ORD project did demonstrate psychic functioning, but critics found fault with the equipment, the experimental designs, and the analysis of data (such fault-finding is a recurrent problem in parapsychological research). In addition, ORD's new director was admittedly skeptical of parapsychology and his skepticism began to affect others, including some in OTS.


... (S/NFJ Despite these pressures, SRI attempted the first intelligence
collection operation using parapsychology. The target was Unidentified
- Research and Development Facility-3 at Semipalatinsk in the Soviet Union. The results were again mixed. While most of the data were either wrong or could not be evaluated, the subject did produce some amazing and accurate descriptions of a crane, shown in Figure 1. In addition, buildings under construction and some spherical tank sections were described accurately. However, the ORD officers concluded that the lack of control experiments with which to compare the data reduced their legitimacy to the status of "lucky guesses."
- (S/NF) At this point the contractors were claiming the experiments a success while the CIA officers were saying that the experiments were not meaningful because of poor experimental design. To resolve this dissonance, a critique of the investigations by a disinterested consultant was requested. After reviewing the parapsychology file and looking at the CIA data, he concluded that there is "a large body of reliable experimental evidence that points to the inescapable conclusion that extra sensory perception does exist as a real phenomenon albeit characterized by rarity and lack of reliability." This judgment gave impetus to continued investigations into parapsychology. Since then, considerable research has been devoted to improving the quality and reliability of data obtained by psychi.c means.


- to fund basic research. Therefore, all agency funding in paranormal research was stopped. As the operational utility was still conceivable, it was decided that Price would work for CIA under a personal service contract.
(S/NF) Price was then given a set of geographic coordinates in Libya. He described a guerrilla training site and an underwater sabotage training facility several hundred kilometers away on the sea coast. The new
- information produced by Price was later verified by reconnaissance and the undersea facility was similar to the description given by a collateral agent. The Libyan desk officer quickly asked for more data and these requests were given to Price. Two days later, however, Price died of a heart attack and the CIA-sponsored intelligence collection tests were ended.
(S/NF) At this point the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) became interested in the field. The DIA interest resulted from an intelligence
- production request. This request resulted in the publication of a 1972 study entitled, "Controlled Offensive Behavior--USSR." A great deal of interest was shown in this study, particularly the sections on parapsychology. Several members of DIA met with CIA action officers to review the results of CIA parapsychology experiments. The DIA did not, however, fund any research until 1978. Between the point in 1975 when the CIA left the field and DIA's entry in 1978, various research projects at SRI were sponsored by the Army, Navy and Air Force. Each of these will be


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- B. (U) AIR FORCE 1. (U) FTD
(S/NF) The Foreign Technology Division (FTD) USAF was tasked by DIA to follow and report on foreign research in psychoenergetics. FTD funded research at SRI to provide the needed basis for assessing the psychoenergetic process as an advanced threat technology. FTD sought to determine the state of the art in psychoenergetics and, more important, its applications feasibility. RV could be shown to be a real and robust phenomenon but not of use to the intelligence community.


UNCLASSIFIED

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- UNCLASSIFIED

FIGURE 4 (U) LOCAL TARGET IN PALO ALTO

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UNCLASSIFIED
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FIGURE 5 (U) LONG DISTANCE TARGET, THE LOUISIANA SUPER DOME
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FIGURE 6 (U) COORDINATE REMOTE VIEWING, AIR SUPPORTED BUILDING AT SYLVANIA, NEAR PALO ALTO

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Approved For Release 2000/.....u.or•~ lf!'TRDP96-00789R002200440001-9

(S/NF) It is well known in the field of psychoenergetics that forced choice selection (the target is a n mber between one and ten) is more difficult than describing a remote ocation where the target pool is infinite. The problem with a force choice is that the viewer can be


- submersible prepared a description of a target. The description was then compared with the list of potential targets and a choice was made as to which one most nearly resembled the viewer's description. Correct identification of this target, which was coupled with a particular message, constituted delivering the message. Because of various technical problems, only two trials were completed and the correct message was
- transmitted in both. As the experiment was shielded by sea water, it was further concluded that ELF transmission was not a possible mechanism for remote viewing. The stress induced on the viewer by being underwater did not appear to degrade the quality of their remote viewing.
(S/NF) The FTD, as part of their threat assessment responsibility, asked SRI to replicate a Soviet experiment where the transmission of 105 out of 135 digits was accomplished. SRI did the experiment and obtained results that were not significantly greater than chance. There are a number of possible explanations for the failure. The author's choice is that the state of the art was being exceeded. At that time, reasonable descriptions of macro targets were being confirmed. To give very refined descriptions of much smaller objects, letters and numbers in particular, has had a history of failure (or a very low level of success). If this ability is ever used in an intelligence mode, there are more rewarding areas where it may be better applied. Some of these are shown in Table 3.


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(b)

- UNCLASSIFIED

FIGURE 11 (U) STANFORD ART MUSEUM TARGET

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(S/NF) In addition to the training, SRI investigated several other research topics for INSCOM. In one experiment, the viewers were targeted on 35-mm slides of Bay Area locations. SRI was attempting to determine if the viewer would describe the slide with the same accuracy as an actual target site. The slide was thought to represent a finer resolution task and a more ephemeral target. Evaluation of the data led SRI to conclude that viewers can describe target slides and that the content of the transcripts indicates that the target slides were viewed, not the actual target locations.
(S/NF) A second area, precognition, was also investigated using 35-mm slides as the targets. In this experiment the viewer was asked to describe a slide that would be shown to him at a later time, although the slide was not chosen until after the viewing was completed. This ability is significant, because many of the things clients would be interested in would involve knowing about a future event. SRI staff concluded that results from future remote viewings are comparable to the results obtained with real-time targets. Examples are shown in Figures 12 and 13.


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SECTION 4. THE JOINT SERVICE PROGRAl\1 (U)
(S/NF) By 1980, a number of DoD elements were contracting for a variety of psychoenergetics tasks at SRI. As a result, a briefing was given in April 1980 to launch a joint service program. High ranking officers and civilians in Army, Navy, and Air Force Intelligence were present along with representatives of DIA and other DoD offices. It was hoped that a joint service program would redress the problems of not enough funds, no central management, and no termination point. The details on the structure and function of this program are available in the DoD Grill Flame Progress Report (Mid-Year FY 1981), Appendix I. In brief, the program established a working group to deal with policy matters and to establish broad general guidance for the psychoenergetics external assistance contract. Provisions were also made for a primary contract monitor who would attend to the day-to-day research progress.


(S/NF) With regard to funds for the program, the budget for FY 1981 was $456,000. Funding at that level did keep the program alive but, it was estimated that a minimum of $600,000 to $1,000,000 per year would be needed to fund the research program properly. A three-year contract was proposed but only a one-year effort was contracted. At the end of three years a decision would be made whether or not the program would be continued.
A. (U) FY 1981
(S/NF) The joint service proposal was accepted and work began in September 1981. Almost immediately a great number of problems were encountered. The sparse funding for the first year has already been mentioned. DoD Grill Flame Progress Report, Mid-Year FY 1981 gives the details of a number of other problems. The most serious difficulty was that the sponsoring group would include only the DIA and Army INSCOM. For various reasons all the other potential members chose not to participate. There were also some significant administrative differences between the DIA and INSCOM. In short, where a union had been envisioned a confederacy developed. That is, each participant maintained its separate funding, and requirements, and both engaged in managing and monitoring the research. As a result, the Grill Flame Program was only an overlay on what already existed. Figures 15 through 20 point out how the program was conceived


(C) During FY 1982, one of the most difficult problems in the
- field of psychoenergetics was probed: how do you evaluate the results of a remote viewing session? Nothing else can proceed in a normal way until
- researchers can measure their results. Only then can they detect the effect of altering the variables. In FY 1982, a procedure having three distinct phases was developed:
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- (S/NF) • Reduction of remote viewing response data.
• Target/task related assessment.
- • Analysis procedure. Instructions for using the evaluation system can be found in Remote Viewing Evaluation Techniques, December 1986.

C. (U) FY 1983
(S/NF) While the funding picture for FY 1981 and FY 1982 was bleak, it became much worse in FY 1983, when Congres~ removed all the Army INSCOM funds for psychoenergetics research from the~ 1983 budget. As INSCOM funds were being counted upon to support half of the research for that year, this action threatened the existence of the project. However, other funding was found and the work continued. The Grill Flame program was to last only three years and, at the close of FY 1983 it was ended by Congressional dictate. Congress further specified that no NFIB funds were to be spent for psychoenergetics research in FY 1984 or beyond. Thus, funding outside the NFIB had to be found to continue the research.


- • Basic research on RV and PK should be initiated. (It has, also through another source.)
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SECTION 6. THE FOLLOW-ON PROGRAM (U)
(S/NF) In FY 1984, the U.S. Congress imposed a prohibition on spending NFIB money for psychoenergetics research. At this point, the Three-Year Grill Flame Program had ended and an assessment of the research was made. The recommendation was that the work showed very promising
- potential, especially the use of RV to gather intelligence. Fortunately both Army and DIA were able to secure R&D funds to continue financing the research at SRI.
A. (U) FY 1984
(S/NF) In FY 1984, as before, the Army portion of the program was dedicated to topics that would assist INSCOM in improving the performance of their in-house RV group. The DIA funds were used to continue lines of
- research that began in the Grill Flame era. A complete list of areas investigated and the FY 1984 budget are shown in Table 8. Prior to FY 1984, only one training methodology had been investigated and it was used to train a number of individuals to do RV. During FY 1984, research on an alternative program was begun and good initial results were obtained using that technique. (S/NF) Also in FY 1984, a major emphasis was placed on methods to


- neurophysiological mechanisms). • Specify phenomenological properties (e.g., effects of distance and shielding).
• Determining physical, physiological and psychological correlates (e.g., geophysical environment, EEG and GSE measures).
• Develop optimal strategies for use in applications (e.g., statistical averaging).

A. (U) The First Year--FY 1986
(S/NF) Technical reports for each of the research areas investigated are available. Advances in several technical areas were made during this
- fiscal year. Much of the work was follow-on efforts to research begun in past fiscal years. In addition some new topics were also investigated.
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1. (U) Remote Viewing Enhancement - Advanced Training (S/NF) Two of the most experienced remote viewers who have been
responsible for helping to formulate advanced training directions were formally calibrated during FY 1986. Both demonstrated strong statistically significant evidence of functioning. They also brought their attention to developing an advanced training manual. One of the experienced viewers also continued to train some of the advanced students and some progress was noted. Both demonstrated strong statistically significant evidence of functioning. They also brought their attention to developing an advanced training manual. One of the experienced viewers also continued to train some of the advanced students and some progress was noted.


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Producer: Adobe Acrobat Pro 11.0.16 Paper Capture Plug-in
Subject: AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE REMOTE VIEWING QUALITY
Title: AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE REMOTE VIEWING QUALITY
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Final Report-Task 6.0.6

October 1989

... Covering Period 1 October 1988 to September 1989

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AN EFFORT TO IMPROVE REMOTE VIEWING QUALITY USING HYPNOSIS

Prepared By: Nevin D. Lantz

Prepared for:

SG1J

Contracting Officer's Technical Representative SRI Project 1291

-
Approved by:
MURRAY J. BARON, Director Geoscience and Engineering Center

Approved For Release 2000/08/08 : CIA-RDP96-00789R002200560001-6
ABSTRACT
. This report details a 3-year effort to improve remote viewing (RV) quality utilizing a hypnotic trance to increase the amount of target-related data produced by a remote viewer. Two separate protocols where used. In the first, all RV data were obtained in the waking state. A session consisted of two RVs against the same target. The first of these was conducted in accordance with SRI's normal protocol. The second, however, occurred after a treatment period. During this period, the viewer was either hypnotized or given written material to proofread. In the hypnosis condition, the viewer was instructed to recall the first RV and supply additional details posthynotically. A strong improvement was seen for a single viewer during a pilot study. This result did not replicate in a formal study using two other viewers. In the second protocol, RV data was collected while the viewers remained in trance. No statistical improvement over preestablished baselines were observed. In summary, hypnosis does not seem to be a productive way to enhance remote viewing quality.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................... iv
- LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv I INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 A. Overview .................................................... 1 B. Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
II METHOD OF APPROACH .......................................... 3 A. Hypothesis ................................................... 3 B. Viewer Selection .............................................. 3 C. Target Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 D. Hypnosis Procedure ............................................ 4 E. Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 F. Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5


- 9. Summary Statistics: Viewers 373 and 137 ................................... 10
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Sequence of Events in Hypnosis Experiment Protocol 1 ......................... 5 2. Sequence of Events in Hypnosis Experiment Protocol 2 ......................... 5
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I INTRODUCTION
A. Overview
The search for a mental state wherein an unselected subject would score better on an ESP task than during the normal waking state has recently generated considerable interest. This has resulted in the study of various altered states of consciousness for their psi-conducive properties. Many researchers consider hypnosis to be such a state. In 1986, SRI was tasked to explore the use of hypnosis as a method for improving remote viewing (RV). The rationale for choosing hypnosis as a tool for improving RV was twofold. Hypnosis has been associated with the manifestation of psi phenomena since the days of Mesmer. Experimental work in the area has shown that there is consistent improvement in ESP scoring with a trance-induction condition compared to a no-induction condition (Schechter, 1• Honorton and Krippner2). This report summarizes the results of three studies with four remote viewers, conducted during the past 3 years, using hypnotic


The moderately experienced viewers (454, 137) produced scores of 10 and 7, respectively (92 and 71 centile equivalents), on the 12-point SHSS: Form C. Viewer 454 was not able to alter his perception of ammonia or produce a negative visual hallucination, but showed high imaginal ability in all sensory fields, produced a deep state of relaxation, was able to regress, performed posthypnotic suggestions, and demonstrated amnesia, hypermnesia, and posthypnotic automatic writing. Viewer 137 produced a deep state of relaxation, showed ability to regress and to be absorbed in imagery, performed posthypnotic suggestions, and showed amnesia. This viewer showed difficulty altering sensory phenomena, and did not demonstrate hypermnesia, trance logic, or the ability for cognitive and role distortion. Again, for this viewer, imaginal ability was highly rated with the ability to create, manipulate, and experience imagery in all sensory fields.
The experienced viewer (372) produced a score of 10 on the 12-point SHSS: Form C-a 92 centile equivalent. Though he was unable to inhibit hand movement on suggestion, failed to respond to a hallucinated voice item, and experienced conflict during value and meaning alterations, he produced a deep state of relaxation, became absorbed in imagery processes, was able to regress, performed posthypnotic suggestions, and showed amnesia and hypermnesia, trance logic, and cognitive and role distortion. lmaginal ability was highly rated with the ability to create, manipulate, and experience imagery in all sensory fields, especially when the image was positive and productive. The hypnotist noted several attempts to minimize conflict between visualized behavior and internalized values, particularly around distortion items and inhibiting imagery. He


the sum of ranks is 56, with an associated p-value of 0.93. Viewer 372 showed a significant
- decrease in performance as the study progressed, as evidenced by a linear correlation coefficient of r = .510 between trial number and rank (df = 15, p :s;; 0.044). Viewer 137 showed a nonsignificant = =tendency toward decreasing performance from the beginning to the end of the study (r .348, df
- 15, p < 0.269).
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IV DISCUSSION
In his recent critique of the hypnosis and psi literature, Stanford4 concludes that, although 40 years of investigation have provided evidence that hypnosis often enhances ESP performance, there are presently no clear indications as to what it is about the hypnotic process that favors ESP scoring. Many views on why hypnosis may be psi conducive have been expressed. Caslers suggested that hypnosis offers the possibility of maximizing task motivation. Honortone found that relaxation, reduction of exteroceptive input from peripheral receptors, and internalization of attention are the important elements. Sargent7 reported an effect when controlling for state, trait, and personality variables, but did not control for relaxation. FourieB proposed that the effect is due to the nature of the interaction between the hypnotist and subject. Barber and Wilsons speculated that hypnotic susceptibility may be the important variable. Rogo1D argued that any conclusion is premature, because state and trait factors affecting the results have been confounded, and that personality factors are probably the operative variable.


Stanford further delineates seven methodological problems that hamper interpretation of the studies in Schechter's1 review; (1) tremendous heterogeneity across studies as to the nature of
.. the induction itself, (2) individual differences in the skills needed to manifest hypnotic effects, which were not measured, (3) use of same subjects designs, which can cause a variety of problems (e.g. possible motivation to lower scores in the control condition), (4) failure to make random assignments to induction and control groups in cases where the induction-control manipulation was applied to separate groups, (5) the experimenter who administered the ESP task not being blind to the condition, (6) lack of measurement of the degree of shift in internal state from waking to trance, and (7) little systematic work examining specific hypotheses concerning why hypnosis should work.
Before beginning this research, we assumed along with previous researchers in the field that hypnosis was a unitary process that could be applied in a standardized way to the problem at hand. We have learned that this assumption is incorrect. Our experience and the expanding body of hypnosis and psi literature suggest that the coupling of hypnosis and psi tasks involves an extremely complicated operation with the potential for multiple interactions when different viewers, experimenters, hypnotists, and hypnotic techniques are used. Though our studies addressed some of the methodological problems noted by Stanford, the number of viewers involved was too small to